Implant Biomaterials for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration, Reconstruction and Restoration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) due to intrinsic biological factor and external injury to the intervertebral disc (IVD) are the primary causes of lower back pain in most patients, affecting the daily lives of individuals. The current treatment modalities include symptomatic and surgical treatments, but that also does not guarantee a cure. Conventional biomaterials such as metals, polymers and ceramics gained much attention in clinical settings. However, novel biomaterial-based treatment strategies are gaining importance due to their moldable and biomimicking properties. We studied many classes of biomaterials, such as polymers, metals, and ceramics, which have promise or are currently accessible in the market. Metal and Metal alloys-based implant are considered as gold standard treatment for the restoration and reconstruction of IVD structure and functions. Polymers, on the other hand, are mostly explored in the form of hydrogels or nanofibrous scaffolds, demonstrating tremendous application in the regeneration of IVD tissue. Other ceramic-based materials have also shown potential in restoration of IVD structure and function along with metals and polymers, and are included in current clinical strategies for the management of IVD degeneration. Lastly, we have discussed the potential of each type of biomaterials, their limitations, and future improvements.