A Review on Multicellular Spheroids and Organoids for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

In response to escalating ethical and regulatory concerns surrounding animal testing in drug development, regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have implemented updated guidelines to encourage the exploration of alternative methodologies. Simultaneously, European regulations have instituted stringent restrictions on animal testing for drug assessment. Consequently, researchers have increasingly turned to innovative approaches like Three-dimensional spheroid cultures and organoids to address these challenges. These advanced models offer promising avenues for investigating breast cancer drug efficacy, as they accurately mimic the intricate architecture and cellular diversity of human tumors. This strategic pivot toward alternative methodologies reflects a collective commitment to advancing cancer research while ensuring compliance with evolving ethical and regulatory standards, thereby fostering the development of more precise and personalized therapeutic strategies.