Monoclonal Antibodies: Purification, Application in Conventional Methods and Cutting Edge Technology

Antibodies play an important role in health areas such as diagnostic, therapeutic, vaccination, and prevention. Antibodies were explored by various researchers for various purposes. Monoclonal antibodies have some important characteristic features that make them promising candidates for various applications such as being directed against single epitopes, being highly specific, and can be mass-produced. Diagnostic of various diseases relies on this molecule for the specificity and sensitivity of tests. Various diagnostic tests exploit the antibody for various applications such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Western immunoblotting. Researchers are increasingly using antibodies in an emerging field, called biosensors, to detect various analytes. Monoclonal antibodies were immobilized on the biosensor surface as a biological recognition element, and using such an effective biorecognition element in a biosensor makes detection more selective and sensitive to its target. Several immunosensors were developed that demonstrated a wide variety of detection limits with a satisfactory LOD (limit of detection). In this review, we will summarize the aspects and techniques of antibody purification, as well as their integration with various biosensors, emphasizing their importance in developing the healthcare industry.