Recent Advances and Applications of Graphene-Based Biosensors for Blood-Based Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Graphene-based biosensors (GBBs) have distinct electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties, making them attractive candidates for a wide range of biological applications. Since the discovery of graphene, GBBs have been used in biological research and have led the way in the development of innovative diagnostic methods for a range of diseases, including dementia. Techniques for GBB synthesis and functionalization are covered in a number of reviews. In contrast, the focus of this review is on the most current scientific developments in GBBs for dementia, particularly with regard to diagnosis and treatment. The major characteristics of dementia are briefly described, and then the creation of high-performance dementia-sensing electrodes, their analytical results, interference tests, and ranking according to their limit of detection in biological samples are all highlighted. Moreover, GBBs are proved for the best dementia detection. From a clinical perspective, the developments in graphene-based biosensing tools for dementia research are appropriate for point-of-care testing and tailored point-of-care management. In this industry, biosensors are being developed into smartphone-connected intelligent disease management solutions.