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<p>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that present significant environmental and health challenges due to their persistence and resistance to degradation. The extensive use of PFAS in various consumer products has led to their widespread presence in wastewater systems, making wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) a major source of PFAS contamination in the environment. Despite efforts by WWTPs to reduce PFAS concentrations through physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods, concerns persist regarding the retention of PFAS in wastewater and the biosolids produced. While numerous studies have demonstrated that traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as biological degradation, conventional oxidation, and filtration, are inadequate for completely removing PFAS due to their strong carbon–fluorine bonds, recent advancements in remediation technologies show promise. Electrochemical, bioremediation, hybrid treatment, and Treatment-train approach offer potential solutions for degrading PFAS into harmless byproducts in wastewater streams. Variations in PFAS concentrations across different WWTPs have been reported, emphasizing the importance of aqueous-to-solid partitioning in treatment processes. However, there is currently no comprehensive review that compares recent studies on PFAS removal from both wastewater and biosolids using current and emerging technologies. Furthermore, with the expanding utilization of effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes worldwide, there is potential for PFAS to enter the food chain and water resources, adding to the urgency of this investigation. Several factors influence the removal of PFAS from wastewater, with the effectiveness of removal methods varying based on the specific technology employed. This review aims to explore the optimization of advanced PFAS removal technologies, investigate novel degradation pathways, and enhance our understanding of PFAS behavior in the environment, with particular emphasis on the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). By integrating advanced technological solutions with strong regulatory frameworks, it is possible to effectively manage PFAS pollution, protecting both public health and the environment. This underscores the necessity for comprehensive strategies to manage PFAS contamination and mitigate its impact on environmental systems.</p>

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Emerging Technologies and Key Factors in PFAS Removal From Wastewater and Biosolids: Focus on PFOA and PFOS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月24日

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  • Behnam Asgari Lajayer,
  • Debadatta Sethi,
  • Soubam IndraKumar Singh,
  • Sima Abdoli,
  • Weixi Shu,
  • G. W. Price

摘要

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that present significant environmental and health challenges due to their persistence and resistance to degradation. The extensive use of PFAS in various consumer products has led to their widespread presence in wastewater systems, making wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) a major source of PFAS contamination in the environment. Despite efforts by WWTPs to reduce PFAS concentrations through physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods, concerns persist regarding the retention of PFAS in wastewater and the biosolids produced. While numerous studies have demonstrated that traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as biological degradation, conventional oxidation, and filtration, are inadequate for completely removing PFAS due to their strong carbon–fluorine bonds, recent advancements in remediation technologies show promise. Electrochemical, bioremediation, hybrid treatment, and Treatment-train approach offer potential solutions for degrading PFAS into harmless byproducts in wastewater streams. Variations in PFAS concentrations across different WWTPs have been reported, emphasizing the importance of aqueous-to-solid partitioning in treatment processes. However, there is currently no comprehensive review that compares recent studies on PFAS removal from both wastewater and biosolids using current and emerging technologies. Furthermore, with the expanding utilization of effluent and biosolids for agricultural purposes worldwide, there is potential for PFAS to enter the food chain and water resources, adding to the urgency of this investigation. Several factors influence the removal of PFAS from wastewater, with the effectiveness of removal methods varying based on the specific technology employed. This review aims to explore the optimization of advanced PFAS removal technologies, investigate novel degradation pathways, and enhance our understanding of PFAS behavior in the environment, with particular emphasis on the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). By integrating advanced technological solutions with strong regulatory frameworks, it is possible to effectively manage PFAS pollution, protecting both public health and the environment. This underscores the necessity for comprehensive strategies to manage PFAS contamination and mitigate its impact on environmental systems.