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<p>Wild plant-assisted phytoremediation is a promising strategy for remediating trace metal(loid) contaminated soil. It is an economically feasible, ecologically safe, green strategy whose efficiency depends on the type of plant species used and their underlying mechanisms. Hyperaccumulator wild plants, such as <i>Pteris vittata</i>, <i>Thlaspi caerulescens</i>, <i>Verbascum thapsus</i>, and <i>Calystegia hederacea</i>, are particularly effective due to their ability to absorb and store exceptionally high concentrations of metals, including cadmium, arsenic, and zinc, in their tissues without exhibiting toxicity. On the other hand, non-hyperaccumulator species, such as <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Salix atrocinerea</i>, known for their high biomass production and adaptability, play a crucial role in phytostabilization and complement hyperaccumulators in remediation efforts. However, limitations associated with the phytoremediation process include lesser bioavailability of contaminants, the absence of appropriate disposal methods, and the lack of proper efficacy testing procedures. Therefore, several biotechnological and microbiological strategies, such as the application of transgenic plants, microbe- and chelate-assisted phytoremediation, and the exploration of exogenous additives, have been employed to enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation by increasing metal tolerance in plants, enhancing metal bioavailability, and improving plant biomass. Additionally, plants undergo detoxification mechanisms, such as avoidance and tolerance behaviors, in response to trace metal toxicity. Recently, many studies have been conducted to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of trace metal tolerance in plants. Therefore, this review aims to discuss various phytoremediation mechanisms and the absorption and translocation processes of trace metal(loid)s in reclaimed soils contaminated with these elements, with a primary focus on terrestrial wild plants. Furthermore, it will encompass recent advancements in phytoremediation and provide new insights into future research.</p>

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Wild Plants as a Promising Tool for Phytoremediation of Trace Metal(loid)s Contaminated Soil: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月7日

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  • Harshana Galahitigama,
  • Dhulmy Amarasiri,
  • Madhuni Madhushika Wijesooriya,
  • Hasintha Wijesekara,
  • Jörg Rinklebe

摘要

Wild plant-assisted phytoremediation is a promising strategy for remediating trace metal(loid) contaminated soil. It is an economically feasible, ecologically safe, green strategy whose efficiency depends on the type of plant species used and their underlying mechanisms. Hyperaccumulator wild plants, such as Pteris vittata, Thlaspi caerulescens, Verbascum thapsus, and Calystegia hederacea, are particularly effective due to their ability to absorb and store exceptionally high concentrations of metals, including cadmium, arsenic, and zinc, in their tissues without exhibiting toxicity. On the other hand, non-hyperaccumulator species, such as Chenopodium album and Salix atrocinerea, known for their high biomass production and adaptability, play a crucial role in phytostabilization and complement hyperaccumulators in remediation efforts. However, limitations associated with the phytoremediation process include lesser bioavailability of contaminants, the absence of appropriate disposal methods, and the lack of proper efficacy testing procedures. Therefore, several biotechnological and microbiological strategies, such as the application of transgenic plants, microbe- and chelate-assisted phytoremediation, and the exploration of exogenous additives, have been employed to enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation by increasing metal tolerance in plants, enhancing metal bioavailability, and improving plant biomass. Additionally, plants undergo detoxification mechanisms, such as avoidance and tolerance behaviors, in response to trace metal toxicity. Recently, many studies have been conducted to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of trace metal tolerance in plants. Therefore, this review aims to discuss various phytoremediation mechanisms and the absorption and translocation processes of trace metal(loid)s in reclaimed soils contaminated with these elements, with a primary focus on terrestrial wild plants. Furthermore, it will encompass recent advancements in phytoremediation and provide new insights into future research.