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<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide, driving the need for effective and safe therapies. This study evaluates the anticancer potential of <i>Heterophragma adenophyllum</i> leaf extracts using an integrated in vitro, phytochemical, and in silico approach. Among sequential extracts, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest levels of flavonoids, followed by polyphenols, tannins, and alkaloids with the values of 28.48&#xa0;mg of quercetin equivalents/g of dry weight, 14.43&#xa0;mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight, 8.70&#xa0;mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight, and 7.46&#xa0;mg of atropine equivalents/g of dry weight, respectively. It significantly inhibited the HepG2 proliferation, induced apoptosis, and suppressed migration dose-dependently, while exhibiting strong anti-oxidant activity and low toxicity to normal cells and erythrocytes. GC-MS identified 62 bioactive compounds, three of them meet drug-likeness and safety criteria. Network pharmacology and molecular docking highlighted EGFR, PIK3CA, and JAK2 as key targets, with ethyl gallate derivatives showing strong binding affinities. Collectively, <i>H. adenophyllum</i> emerges as a promising source of multi-targeted anti-HCC agents, though further in vivo and clinical studies are needed.</p>

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In vitro, In silico, and phytochemical studies of Heterophragma adenophyllum leaves against hepatocellular carcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Ummul Hazeefa,
  • Nadeem Ahmed,
  • Rashid Bhatti

摘要

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide, driving the need for effective and safe therapies. This study evaluates the anticancer potential of Heterophragma adenophyllum leaf extracts using an integrated in vitro, phytochemical, and in silico approach. Among sequential extracts, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest levels of flavonoids, followed by polyphenols, tannins, and alkaloids with the values of 28.48 mg of quercetin equivalents/g of dry weight, 14.43 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight, 8.70 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight, and 7.46 mg of atropine equivalents/g of dry weight, respectively. It significantly inhibited the HepG2 proliferation, induced apoptosis, and suppressed migration dose-dependently, while exhibiting strong anti-oxidant activity and low toxicity to normal cells and erythrocytes. GC-MS identified 62 bioactive compounds, three of them meet drug-likeness and safety criteria. Network pharmacology and molecular docking highlighted EGFR, PIK3CA, and JAK2 as key targets, with ethyl gallate derivatives showing strong binding affinities. Collectively, H. adenophyllum emerges as a promising source of multi-targeted anti-HCC agents, though further in vivo and clinical studies are needed.