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<p>Polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite filaments, reinforced with eucalyptus-derived cellulose particles (CP), were produced via thermokinetic mixing and extrusion for FDM. Cellulose was incorporated at 5 and 10 wt% to evaluate its influence on the physical, rheological, structural, and surface properties of the filaments and printed parts. Increasing the CP content reduced the average filament diameter from 1.51 ± 0.02&#xa0;mm (PLA) to 1.45 ± 0.01&#xa0;mm and 1.38 ± 0.02&#xa0;mm for the 5% and 10% CP samples, respectively, while surface roughness increased from 0.26 ± 0.01&#xa0;μm to 0.37 ± 0.02&#xa0;μm and 0.87 ± 0.01&#xa0;μm, due to particle agglomeration. Melt flow index measurements indicated reduced polymer chain mobility after the addition of cellulose; however, all formulations remained suitable for continuous FDM processing. FTIR analysis confirmed the coexistence of PLA and cellulose, with no evidence of new chemical bonds. Shore D hardness increased from 40.80 for pristine PLA to 45.67 and 49.07 for the 5 and 10 wt% samples, respectively. Water contact angle measurements exhibited concentration-dependent behavior, with values of 64.86°, 59.86°, and 65.72° for PLA, PLA_5%CP, and PLA_10%CP, respectively. These findings demonstrate that eucalyptus-derived cellulose is a promising sustainable reinforcement for PLA filaments, improving hardness while maintaining printability for FDM applications.</p>

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PLA-based filaments reinforced with cellulose particles for FDM 3D printing: processing and performance evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Selma Meneses Nascimento,
  • Bárbara Pereira,
  • Valdeir Arantes,
  • Daniella R. Mulinari

摘要

Polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite filaments, reinforced with eucalyptus-derived cellulose particles (CP), were produced via thermokinetic mixing and extrusion for FDM. Cellulose was incorporated at 5 and 10 wt% to evaluate its influence on the physical, rheological, structural, and surface properties of the filaments and printed parts. Increasing the CP content reduced the average filament diameter from 1.51 ± 0.02 mm (PLA) to 1.45 ± 0.01 mm and 1.38 ± 0.02 mm for the 5% and 10% CP samples, respectively, while surface roughness increased from 0.26 ± 0.01 μm to 0.37 ± 0.02 μm and 0.87 ± 0.01 μm, due to particle agglomeration. Melt flow index measurements indicated reduced polymer chain mobility after the addition of cellulose; however, all formulations remained suitable for continuous FDM processing. FTIR analysis confirmed the coexistence of PLA and cellulose, with no evidence of new chemical bonds. Shore D hardness increased from 40.80 for pristine PLA to 45.67 and 49.07 for the 5 and 10 wt% samples, respectively. Water contact angle measurements exhibited concentration-dependent behavior, with values of 64.86°, 59.86°, and 65.72° for PLA, PLA_5%CP, and PLA_10%CP, respectively. These findings demonstrate that eucalyptus-derived cellulose is a promising sustainable reinforcement for PLA filaments, improving hardness while maintaining printability for FDM applications.