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<p>This study assessed the groundwater quality in the Al-Baha region by analyzing various physicochemical and microbiological parameters, including coliform bacteria, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, iron, and manganese. The findings revealed significant contamination, with 47% of the investigated wells showing positive records for coliform bacteria, rendering them unsuitable for drinking and irrigation according to Saudi standards. Spatial distribution analysis, utilizing GIS technique, indicated widespread bacterial presence from north to south and in the western-north region, consistent with previous studies attributing contamination to animal manure, garbage, and septic tank leachate. Elevated levels of pH, nitrate (particularly in agricultural areas), sulfate, iron, and manganese were also observed in several wells, with some exceeding permissible limits. The Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) approach further confirmed that 47% of the wells were unsuitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes. These results underscore the critical need for regular groundwater quality monitoring, improved sanitation practices, and better agricultural management to protect this essential water resource. Ultimately, these findings highlight the urgent need for policymakers to implement stringent land-use regulations and invest in centralized water treatment and sanitation infrastructure to safeguard public health and ensure the long-term sustainability of water resources in arid regions.</p>

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Groundwater assessment utilizing GIS and water quality index, Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Mohamed Elshemy

摘要

This study assessed the groundwater quality in the Al-Baha region by analyzing various physicochemical and microbiological parameters, including coliform bacteria, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, iron, and manganese. The findings revealed significant contamination, with 47% of the investigated wells showing positive records for coliform bacteria, rendering them unsuitable for drinking and irrigation according to Saudi standards. Spatial distribution analysis, utilizing GIS technique, indicated widespread bacterial presence from north to south and in the western-north region, consistent with previous studies attributing contamination to animal manure, garbage, and septic tank leachate. Elevated levels of pH, nitrate (particularly in agricultural areas), sulfate, iron, and manganese were also observed in several wells, with some exceeding permissible limits. The Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) approach further confirmed that 47% of the wells were unsuitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes. These results underscore the critical need for regular groundwater quality monitoring, improved sanitation practices, and better agricultural management to protect this essential water resource. Ultimately, these findings highlight the urgent need for policymakers to implement stringent land-use regulations and invest in centralized water treatment and sanitation infrastructure to safeguard public health and ensure the long-term sustainability of water resources in arid regions.