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<p>This study explores the development of sustainable concrete by incorporating treated recycled coarse aggregate (Tr-RCA) and seawater as mixing water. Tr-RCA was produced using the Los Angeles Abrasion Machine (LAM), optimizing the removal of old cement mortar (OCM) through different treatment scenarios. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with Tr-RCA at varying levels (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%), all using seawater, and compared to conventional concrete made with fresh water (NCFW) and seawater (NCSW). The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, were evaluated at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results indicated that increasing Tr-RCA content and seawater use led to reduced workability but also decreased water absorption over time, suggesting improved durability. Notably, compressive strength remained above 25&#xa0;MPa for up to 60% Tr-RCA replacement after 56 days, meeting structural requirements. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests confirmed good concrete quality for 15–60% Tr-RCA mixes, with velocities in the 3.6–4.5&#xa0;km/s range. Microstructural analysis using SEM-EDS and XRD revealed enhanced bonding at the interfacial transition zone and denser hydration products in Tr-RCA mixes, especially with seawater. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of treated RCA and seawater can produce eco-friendly concrete with satisfactory mechanical and microstructural properties, supporting the broader adoption of recycled materials and alternative water sources in sustainable construction.</p>

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Performance of treated recycled coarse aggregate concrete incorporating seawater: Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Lusman Sulaiman,
  • Raden Muhammad Ernadi Ramadhan,
  • Rizky Citra Islami

摘要

This study explores the development of sustainable concrete by incorporating treated recycled coarse aggregate (Tr-RCA) and seawater as mixing water. Tr-RCA was produced using the Los Angeles Abrasion Machine (LAM), optimizing the removal of old cement mortar (OCM) through different treatment scenarios. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with Tr-RCA at varying levels (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90%), all using seawater, and compared to conventional concrete made with fresh water (NCFW) and seawater (NCSW). The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, were evaluated at 7, 28, and 56 days. Results indicated that increasing Tr-RCA content and seawater use led to reduced workability but also decreased water absorption over time, suggesting improved durability. Notably, compressive strength remained above 25 MPa for up to 60% Tr-RCA replacement after 56 days, meeting structural requirements. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests confirmed good concrete quality for 15–60% Tr-RCA mixes, with velocities in the 3.6–4.5 km/s range. Microstructural analysis using SEM-EDS and XRD revealed enhanced bonding at the interfacial transition zone and denser hydration products in Tr-RCA mixes, especially with seawater. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of treated RCA and seawater can produce eco-friendly concrete with satisfactory mechanical and microstructural properties, supporting the broader adoption of recycled materials and alternative water sources in sustainable construction.