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<p>Groundwater contamination is an emerging public health concern in arid and semi-arid regions such as Kishangarh in Rajasthan. Therefore, this study aims to assess the presence of fluoride (F⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in the groundwater and their health implications in Kishangarh, a marble mining site in Rajasthan, India. A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected from various sites during the pre-monsoon season and examined for physicochemical characteristics. The results demonstrated that fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 4.80&#xa0;mg/L (1.07&#xa0;mg/L), while nitrate levels varied from 1.47 to 310.17&#xa0;mg/L (41.79&#xa0;mg/L). The results of water type classification highlighted Na–Cl and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl facies as the prevailing categories in the study area. Fluoride enrichment was linked to natural geogenic sources and favoured under alkaline and evaporative conditions. In contrast, high nitrate levels were attributed to anthropogenic activities such as sewage infiltration and fertilizer usage. A health risk analysis, based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), indicated that 80% of adults and 83% of children may face non-carcinogenic risks, with children being particularly susceptible (HI &gt; 1). Saturation indices suggest groundwater is undersaturated with minerals such as gypsum, dolomite, calcite, and fluorite. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four major components influencing groundwater chemistry, distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences. The results highlight the need for mitigation measures to secure safe groundwater resources and contribute to the understanding of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).</p>

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Assessment of fluoride and nitrate contamination in groundwater and their health implications in the marble City of Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Rajesh Kumar,
  • Manish Kumar,
  • Ramesh Kumar,
  • Vipin Garg,
  • Anand Kumar,
  • Prity S. Pippal

摘要

Groundwater contamination is an emerging public health concern in arid and semi-arid regions such as Kishangarh in Rajasthan. Therefore, this study aims to assess the presence of fluoride (F⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in the groundwater and their health implications in Kishangarh, a marble mining site in Rajasthan, India. A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected from various sites during the pre-monsoon season and examined for physicochemical characteristics. The results demonstrated that fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 4.80 mg/L (1.07 mg/L), while nitrate levels varied from 1.47 to 310.17 mg/L (41.79 mg/L). The results of water type classification highlighted Na–Cl and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl facies as the prevailing categories in the study area. Fluoride enrichment was linked to natural geogenic sources and favoured under alkaline and evaporative conditions. In contrast, high nitrate levels were attributed to anthropogenic activities such as sewage infiltration and fertilizer usage. A health risk analysis, based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), indicated that 80% of adults and 83% of children may face non-carcinogenic risks, with children being particularly susceptible (HI > 1). Saturation indices suggest groundwater is undersaturated with minerals such as gypsum, dolomite, calcite, and fluorite. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four major components influencing groundwater chemistry, distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences. The results highlight the need for mitigation measures to secure safe groundwater resources and contribute to the understanding of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).