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<p>The decarbonization of the cement industry has intensified the search for sustainable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Calcium carbide residue (CCR), a byproduct of acetylene production, is a promising candidate due to its high portlandite (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>) content and the declining availability of conventional SCMs such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. This paper synthesizes current evidence to categorize CCR-based systems into three distinct reaction regimes: hydration-controlled (CCR and Ordinary Portland Cement - OPC), pozzolanic-kinetically controlled (CCR and waste glass), and transport-controlled (carbonation curing). The synthesis reveals that CCR-OPC systems are limited by clinker dilution and flash setting to CCR partial replacement levels ≤ 10 wt%, beyond which mechanical and durability performance deteriorate significantly. Although CCR and waste glass (WG) are chemically complementary, their synergy system operates under a pozzolanic-kinetically controlled regime; the slow depolymerisation of the siloxane network in waste glass under ambient conditions restricts silicate release and C-S-H formation, with ambient-cured CCR-WG blends typically achieving strengths below 15&#xa0;MPa, insufficient for structural applications requiring &gt; 30&#xa0;MPa. Carbonation curing offers a transformative pathway by directly converting portlandite into calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), enabling matrix densification. For CCR-OPC systems, carbonation, specifically through a three-stage hybrid curing protocol (pre-conditioning, carbonation, and subsequent hydration), can achieve structural-grade strengths of up to 45.10&#xa0;MPa with a 15 wt% CCR partial replacement. Hybrid curing outperforms single-stage carbonation by temporally decoupling densification from the regeneration of the binding phase. However, this paper identifies a gap from existing studies: carbonation curing has not yet been investigated for CCR-WG blends. It is hypothesized that carbonation could bypass the slow dissolution kinetics of waste glass by providing an alternative transport-controlled densification pathway. The mechanistic evidence compiled here justifies a transition from purely chemical analysis to targeted experimental research in this area. The paper concludes that while carbonation curing is a promising route to enable high-volume waste glass utilization in structural applications, it remains a promising but unverified research hypothesis requiring experimental validation.</p>

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Calcium carbide residue as sustainable cementitious material considering waste glass synergy enhanced through carbonation curing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Fon Alain Zoum,
  • Lee Woen Ean,
  • Ali Najah Ahmed,
  • Beyanu Anehumbu Aye,
  • Kevin Ijunghi Ateh

摘要

The decarbonization of the cement industry has intensified the search for sustainable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Calcium carbide residue (CCR), a byproduct of acetylene production, is a promising candidate due to its high portlandite (Ca(OH)2) content and the declining availability of conventional SCMs such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. This paper synthesizes current evidence to categorize CCR-based systems into three distinct reaction regimes: hydration-controlled (CCR and Ordinary Portland Cement - OPC), pozzolanic-kinetically controlled (CCR and waste glass), and transport-controlled (carbonation curing). The synthesis reveals that CCR-OPC systems are limited by clinker dilution and flash setting to CCR partial replacement levels ≤ 10 wt%, beyond which mechanical and durability performance deteriorate significantly. Although CCR and waste glass (WG) are chemically complementary, their synergy system operates under a pozzolanic-kinetically controlled regime; the slow depolymerisation of the siloxane network in waste glass under ambient conditions restricts silicate release and C-S-H formation, with ambient-cured CCR-WG blends typically achieving strengths below 15 MPa, insufficient for structural applications requiring > 30 MPa. Carbonation curing offers a transformative pathway by directly converting portlandite into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), enabling matrix densification. For CCR-OPC systems, carbonation, specifically through a three-stage hybrid curing protocol (pre-conditioning, carbonation, and subsequent hydration), can achieve structural-grade strengths of up to 45.10 MPa with a 15 wt% CCR partial replacement. Hybrid curing outperforms single-stage carbonation by temporally decoupling densification from the regeneration of the binding phase. However, this paper identifies a gap from existing studies: carbonation curing has not yet been investigated for CCR-WG blends. It is hypothesized that carbonation could bypass the slow dissolution kinetics of waste glass by providing an alternative transport-controlled densification pathway. The mechanistic evidence compiled here justifies a transition from purely chemical analysis to targeted experimental research in this area. The paper concludes that while carbonation curing is a promising route to enable high-volume waste glass utilization in structural applications, it remains a promising but unverified research hypothesis requiring experimental validation.