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<p>Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag are increasingly scarce, necessitating the development of alternative low-carbon binders. This study investigates ground recycled mine waste rock blended cement (GRMBC) as a circular-economy-based supplementary cementitious material for partial clinker replacement in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Mine waste rock (MWR) was mechanically ground to a median particle size of 40&#xa0;μm. GRMBC containing up to 50 wt% MWR was evaluated for hydration behaviour, microstructure, porosity, and mechanical performance. Hydration behaviour exhibited a non-linear decrease in cumulative heat release with increasing replacement, indicating that MWR contributes to the hydration process beyond a purely dilution-controlled response. Enhanced late-age hydration, increased C–S–H formation, and compressive strengths comparable to OPC were achieved at 10–20% replacement levels. Sustainability assessment indicated a 20–30% reduction in CO₂ emissions and material cost per MPa, demonstrating the potential of GRMBC as a low-carbon cementitious binder.</p>

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Hydration behavior, mechanical performance, and sustainability of ground mine waste rock blended cement

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Mohammed Basheer Shahin,
  • Subhra Majhi,
  • Swati Maitra,
  • Sudhirkumar V. Barai,
  • Abhijit Mukherjee

摘要

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag are increasingly scarce, necessitating the development of alternative low-carbon binders. This study investigates ground recycled mine waste rock blended cement (GRMBC) as a circular-economy-based supplementary cementitious material for partial clinker replacement in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Mine waste rock (MWR) was mechanically ground to a median particle size of 40 μm. GRMBC containing up to 50 wt% MWR was evaluated for hydration behaviour, microstructure, porosity, and mechanical performance. Hydration behaviour exhibited a non-linear decrease in cumulative heat release with increasing replacement, indicating that MWR contributes to the hydration process beyond a purely dilution-controlled response. Enhanced late-age hydration, increased C–S–H formation, and compressive strengths comparable to OPC were achieved at 10–20% replacement levels. Sustainability assessment indicated a 20–30% reduction in CO₂ emissions and material cost per MPa, demonstrating the potential of GRMBC as a low-carbon cementitious binder.