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<p>Chitosan possesses intrinsic antimicrobial activity, whereas <i>Aloe vera</i> leaves are rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds that can enhance polymeric bioactivity. In this study, advanced carboxymethyl chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CMCS/PVA) films functionalized with <i>Aloe vera</i> rind extract (RE), a rarely explored bioactive byproduct, were developed and evaluated for their structural, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. <i>O</i>-carboxymethyl chitosan (<i>O</i>-CMCS) and <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-carboxymethyl chitosan (<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-CMCS) were synthesized from 90%-deacetylated chitosan, with degrees of carboxymethylation of 86.6% and 107.6%, respectively. Among tested solvents, an ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) mixture proved the most effective solvent for extracting phenolic and non-phenolic antioxidants from <i>Aloe vera</i> rinds. Incorporation of up to 20% RE enhanced the tensile performance of CMCS/PVA films, with RE/<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA showing greater strength than RE/<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA. Ethanolic RE exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i> (<i>P. acnes</i>) than <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>). The 20%-RE/<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA inhibited bacterial growth to the greatest extent, whereas the 10%-RE/<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA film was as effective as the 15%-RE/<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA films. Among all tested formulations, the 10%-RE/<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-CMCS/PVA film demonstrated the optimal combination of mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, and antimicrobial efficacy. These findings highlight <i>Aloe vera</i> rind as a sustainable source of functional additives and emphasize the key role of CMCS substitution patterns in tuning polymer network interactions. The developed composite films provide a green and multifunctional platform for eco-friendly bioactive film applications, exhibiting enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties, with potential relevance to advanced functional film platforms.</p>

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Advanced carboxymethyl chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol films functionalized with Aloe vera rind extract exhibiting enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Piyapong Pankaew,
  • Pemika Khamweera,
  • Voravadee Suchaiya,
  • Ponlakrit Kumklam,
  • Kantima Chaochanchaikul,
  • Jaroenporn Chokboribal

摘要

Chitosan possesses intrinsic antimicrobial activity, whereas Aloe vera leaves are rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds that can enhance polymeric bioactivity. In this study, advanced carboxymethyl chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CMCS/PVA) films functionalized with Aloe vera rind extract (RE), a rarely explored bioactive byproduct, were developed and evaluated for their structural, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS) and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (N,O-CMCS) were synthesized from 90%-deacetylated chitosan, with degrees of carboxymethylation of 86.6% and 107.6%, respectively. Among tested solvents, an ethanol/water (4:1 v/v) mixture proved the most effective solvent for extracting phenolic and non-phenolic antioxidants from Aloe vera rinds. Incorporation of up to 20% RE enhanced the tensile performance of CMCS/PVA films, with RE/N,O-CMCS/PVA showing greater strength than RE/O-CMCS/PVA. Ethanolic RE exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) than Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The 20%-RE/O-CMCS/PVA inhibited bacterial growth to the greatest extent, whereas the 10%-RE/N,O-CMCS/PVA film was as effective as the 15%-RE/O-CMCS/PVA films. Among all tested formulations, the 10%-RE/N,O-CMCS/PVA film demonstrated the optimal combination of mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, and antimicrobial efficacy. These findings highlight Aloe vera rind as a sustainable source of functional additives and emphasize the key role of CMCS substitution patterns in tuning polymer network interactions. The developed composite films provide a green and multifunctional platform for eco-friendly bioactive film applications, exhibiting enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties, with potential relevance to advanced functional film platforms.