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<p>In Portugal, the production of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) is limited by low density, high chlorine content, and insufficient heating value, reducing its suitability as an alternative fuel. This study explores carbonization as a pretreatment to enhance RDF fuel properties. Carbonization was conducted between 300 and 550&#xa0;°C in 25&#xa0;°C increments, producing 11 char samples characterized regarding their physical, chemical, and fuel properties. All chars were washed to assess chlorine reduction. Results showed that increasing temperature reduced mass yield, particularly above 425&#xa0;°C, while producing more homogeneous chars. The highest heating value (32.5&#xa0;MJ/kg) was observed for chars produced at 375&#xa0;°C, although significant particle agglomeration was observed. Chars produced at 450&#xa0;°C and higher, showed a sharp increase in ash content, reducing their energy value. The medium temperature range (400–425&#xa0;°C) achieved a balance of high heating value (24.0-30.7&#xa0;MJ/kg), structural integrity, and low agglomeration. Washing reduced chlorine content in all chars to below 1% (0.29% to 0.67%), highlighting its importance. Overall, RDF carbonization followed by char washing presents a promising alternative to enhance heating value while also reducing RDF’s chlorine content to levels that are acceptable for use as alternative fuel (e.g., cement manufacturing process), while enhancing resource efficiency in line with circular economy principles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Temperature-dependent effects of carbonization and washing on fuel quality of refuse-derived fuel

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Andrei Longo,
  • Santa Margarida Santos,
  • Paulo Brito,
  • Margarida Gonçalves,
  • Catarina Nobre

摘要

In Portugal, the production of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) is limited by low density, high chlorine content, and insufficient heating value, reducing its suitability as an alternative fuel. This study explores carbonization as a pretreatment to enhance RDF fuel properties. Carbonization was conducted between 300 and 550 °C in 25 °C increments, producing 11 char samples characterized regarding their physical, chemical, and fuel properties. All chars were washed to assess chlorine reduction. Results showed that increasing temperature reduced mass yield, particularly above 425 °C, while producing more homogeneous chars. The highest heating value (32.5 MJ/kg) was observed for chars produced at 375 °C, although significant particle agglomeration was observed. Chars produced at 450 °C and higher, showed a sharp increase in ash content, reducing their energy value. The medium temperature range (400–425 °C) achieved a balance of high heating value (24.0-30.7 MJ/kg), structural integrity, and low agglomeration. Washing reduced chlorine content in all chars to below 1% (0.29% to 0.67%), highlighting its importance. Overall, RDF carbonization followed by char washing presents a promising alternative to enhance heating value while also reducing RDF’s chlorine content to levels that are acceptable for use as alternative fuel (e.g., cement manufacturing process), while enhancing resource efficiency in line with circular economy principles.

Graphical Abstract