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<p>Global agriculture is under unprecedented strain, tasked with meeting rising food demand while confronting rapidly depleting freshwater resources. This crisis is intensified by climate change, with agriculture consuming 70–80% of global freshwater withdrawals, often inefficiently. In this context, precision irrigation (PI) has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing water use efficiency. However, its potential is largely untapped due to fragmented technological development and insufficient integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and communication architectures. This systematic review synthesises 16&#xa0;years (2008–2024) of global research to critically evaluate the integration of IoT and communication technologies within smart and precision irrigation systems. It aims to address four core questions: (i) the evolution of global research and collaboration; (ii) the role of communication architectures and power strategies in system scalability; (iii) the efficacy of multi-sensor and AI-driven analytics for water conservation; and (iv) the overall contributions to socioeconomic and environmental sustainability in water-stressed regions. A systematic bibliometric analysis was conducted on 202 peer-reviewed publications retrieved from the Scopus database using a rigorous PRISMA-guided protocol. The methodology incorporated bibliometric mapping with Bibliometrix and VOSviewer to quantify publication trends, keyword co-occurrence, and international collaboration networks. A qualitative synthesis, supported by the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, was performed to evaluate technological integration, performance, and socio-economic impacts across diverse agroecological settings. The analysis reveals a rapidly evolving field with an annual publication growth rate of 24.66% and a significant rate of international co-authorship (32.67%). The integration of IoT systems demonstrably reduces water usage by 20–40% and increases crop yields by 10–25% across various global agroecological zones. Key findings identify optimal wireless communication protocols (e.g., LoRaWAN for sensing, hybrid models for control) and validate cloud-edge architectures for real-time decision-making. Despite this proven potential, widespread adoption is hindered by high initial investment costs, technological interoperability challenges, and a lack of supportive policy frameworks, particularly in developing economies. The review concludes that transcending these barriers requires interdisciplinary innovation focused on developing robust, low-cost technology synergised with equitable socio-economic policies and farmer-centric implementation strategies. This study provides a comprehensive, evidence-based framework to guide researchers, agricultural engineers, and policymakers in advancing sustainable irrigation solutions. By mapping global research trajectories, benchmarking technological performance, and quantifying socio-economic and environmental trade-offs, this review offers critical insights for designing scalable, resource-efficient, and socially inclusive irrigation systems.</p>

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Integrating IoT and communication technologies for smart and precision irrigation systems toward sustainable water management

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月3日

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  • Suman Dutta,
  • Subrata Gorain,
  • Subhradip Roy,
  • Santanu Banerjee,
  • Rameswar Prasad Sah

摘要

Global agriculture is under unprecedented strain, tasked with meeting rising food demand while confronting rapidly depleting freshwater resources. This crisis is intensified by climate change, with agriculture consuming 70–80% of global freshwater withdrawals, often inefficiently. In this context, precision irrigation (PI) has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing water use efficiency. However, its potential is largely untapped due to fragmented technological development and insufficient integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and communication architectures. This systematic review synthesises 16 years (2008–2024) of global research to critically evaluate the integration of IoT and communication technologies within smart and precision irrigation systems. It aims to address four core questions: (i) the evolution of global research and collaboration; (ii) the role of communication architectures and power strategies in system scalability; (iii) the efficacy of multi-sensor and AI-driven analytics for water conservation; and (iv) the overall contributions to socioeconomic and environmental sustainability in water-stressed regions. A systematic bibliometric analysis was conducted on 202 peer-reviewed publications retrieved from the Scopus database using a rigorous PRISMA-guided protocol. The methodology incorporated bibliometric mapping with Bibliometrix and VOSviewer to quantify publication trends, keyword co-occurrence, and international collaboration networks. A qualitative synthesis, supported by the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, was performed to evaluate technological integration, performance, and socio-economic impacts across diverse agroecological settings. The analysis reveals a rapidly evolving field with an annual publication growth rate of 24.66% and a significant rate of international co-authorship (32.67%). The integration of IoT systems demonstrably reduces water usage by 20–40% and increases crop yields by 10–25% across various global agroecological zones. Key findings identify optimal wireless communication protocols (e.g., LoRaWAN for sensing, hybrid models for control) and validate cloud-edge architectures for real-time decision-making. Despite this proven potential, widespread adoption is hindered by high initial investment costs, technological interoperability challenges, and a lack of supportive policy frameworks, particularly in developing economies. The review concludes that transcending these barriers requires interdisciplinary innovation focused on developing robust, low-cost technology synergised with equitable socio-economic policies and farmer-centric implementation strategies. This study provides a comprehensive, evidence-based framework to guide researchers, agricultural engineers, and policymakers in advancing sustainable irrigation solutions. By mapping global research trajectories, benchmarking technological performance, and quantifying socio-economic and environmental trade-offs, this review offers critical insights for designing scalable, resource-efficient, and socially inclusive irrigation systems.