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<p>This study assesses ultraviolet (UV) disinfection for municipal wastewater treatment in Baghdad, Iraq, using a pilot-scale reactor under different operational conditions. The research examines the effects of flow rate, bacterial load, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, UV absorbance, and hydraulic modifications. Unlike computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models or idealized laboratory tests, this work combines pilot-scale experiments with real municipal wastewater and Point Source Summation Method (PSSM) modeling to evaluate the combined effects of hydraulics, particle shielding, and UV fluence distribution. At low microbial loads, complete fecal coliform inactivation was achieved at a flow rate of 4&#xa0;L/min, meeting WHO (≤ 3.0 log<sub>10</sub> and Iraqi (≤ 3.3 log<sub>10</sub> standards. Higher flow rates (≥ 12&#xa0;L/min) decreased disinfection efficiency due to shorter exposure times, especially at high bacterial concentrations. Elevated total suspended solids (TSS &gt; 398&#xa0;mg/L), turbidity (&gt; 270 NTU), and UV absorbance (&gt; 1.0&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>) significantly impeded UV penetration, confirming the impact of particle shielding. Adding baffles improved hydraulic mixing and increased pathogen inactivation by up to 70%. PSSM results emphasized the importance of reactor geometry and optical attenuation in UV dose distribution. Overall, the findings offer practical guidance for optimizing UV disinfection in real wastewater treatment systems.</p>

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Impact of flow rate, bacterial load, and hydraulic modification on UV disinfection performance of wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Yasmen A. Mustafa,
  • Ahmad Hassan,
  • Jathwa A. Ibrahim Al-Ameen

摘要

This study assesses ultraviolet (UV) disinfection for municipal wastewater treatment in Baghdad, Iraq, using a pilot-scale reactor under different operational conditions. The research examines the effects of flow rate, bacterial load, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, UV absorbance, and hydraulic modifications. Unlike computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models or idealized laboratory tests, this work combines pilot-scale experiments with real municipal wastewater and Point Source Summation Method (PSSM) modeling to evaluate the combined effects of hydraulics, particle shielding, and UV fluence distribution. At low microbial loads, complete fecal coliform inactivation was achieved at a flow rate of 4 L/min, meeting WHO (≤ 3.0 log10 and Iraqi (≤ 3.3 log10 standards. Higher flow rates (≥ 12 L/min) decreased disinfection efficiency due to shorter exposure times, especially at high bacterial concentrations. Elevated total suspended solids (TSS > 398 mg/L), turbidity (> 270 NTU), and UV absorbance (> 1.0 cm−1) significantly impeded UV penetration, confirming the impact of particle shielding. Adding baffles improved hydraulic mixing and increased pathogen inactivation by up to 70%. PSSM results emphasized the importance of reactor geometry and optical attenuation in UV dose distribution. Overall, the findings offer practical guidance for optimizing UV disinfection in real wastewater treatment systems.