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<p>This study presents a photochemically optimized hybrid sunscreen gel integrating natural algal extracts (Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris), quercetin, azobenzene, and chitosan-coated titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to achieve superior UV protection and photostability. Utilizing a 2⁴ factorial design, we systematically explored the synergistic interactions among these components under UV irradiation. The optimized formulation exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) of 17.2 ± 0.3, retaining over 94% photoprotective capacity after UVA/UVB exposure, with minimal color change (ΔE &lt; 3). Algal extracts provided antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties, while quercetin and azobenzene enhanced UV attenuation through π–π stacking and photochromic isomerization. Chitosan-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles improved UV scattering and formulation stability, mitigating photocatalytic degradation. Spectroscopic and rheological analyses confirmed robust molecular interactions and structural integrity over 30 days. These findings demonstrate a photochemically driven, eco-friendly sunscreen system with enhanced efficacy and stability, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional formulations and advancing the design of next-generation photoprotective materials.</p>

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Photochemical synergy in hybrid sunscreen gels: enhanced UV protection and photostability with algal antioxidants, quercetin, azobenzene, and chitosan-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Mohammad Abu Shuheil,
  • Munthar Kadhim Abosaoda,
  • M. M. Rekha,
  • Subhashree Ray,
  • Kattela Chennakesavulu,
  • Renu Sharma,
  • Shaima Messa

摘要

This study presents a photochemically optimized hybrid sunscreen gel integrating natural algal extracts (Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris), quercetin, azobenzene, and chitosan-coated titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to achieve superior UV protection and photostability. Utilizing a 2⁴ factorial design, we systematically explored the synergistic interactions among these components under UV irradiation. The optimized formulation exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) of 17.2 ± 0.3, retaining over 94% photoprotective capacity after UVA/UVB exposure, with minimal color change (ΔE < 3). Algal extracts provided antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties, while quercetin and azobenzene enhanced UV attenuation through π–π stacking and photochromic isomerization. Chitosan-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles improved UV scattering and formulation stability, mitigating photocatalytic degradation. Spectroscopic and rheological analyses confirmed robust molecular interactions and structural integrity over 30 days. These findings demonstrate a photochemically driven, eco-friendly sunscreen system with enhanced efficacy and stability, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional formulations and advancing the design of next-generation photoprotective materials.