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<p>This study quantified PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in residential areas of Ahvaz, Iran, and assessed their potential health impacts on children. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from three zones: industrial (Padad), traffic (Golestan), and control (Kianpars). Samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs listed as US EPA priority pollutants. To evaluate internal exposure and biological response, urinary biomarkers (1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-naphthol, and creatinine) and pro-inflammatory factors (Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13)) were determined. The Padad area exhibited the highest levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs, dominated by 4-ring (66.1%) and 3-ring (27.74%) compounds. Children residing in Padad had significantly higher urinary PAH metabolites (e.g., 1-OHP: 0.49 ± 0.48&#xa0;µg/g creatinine; 2-naphthol: 3.22 ± 2.11&#xa0;µg/g creatinine; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and cytokines (IgE: 134.9 ± 115.7&#xa0;pg/mL; IL-4: 538.9 ± 456.2&#xa0;pg/mL; IL-13: 53.6 ± 45.7&#xa0;pg/mL) than those in Kianpars. Non-carcinogenic (Hazard Quotient, HQ; Hazard Index, HI) and carcinogenic (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk, ILCR) risks of PAHs were assessed. All HQinh and HIinh values were &lt; 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic risk. HQinh decreased in the order of Nap &gt; Pyr &gt; Fla &gt; Phe &gt; BaP &gt; Ant &gt; Flu &gt; Ace &gt; BghiP. Mean HIinh values were 1.09 × 10<sup>−4</sup> (Padad), 5.14 × 10<sup>−5</sup> (Golestan), and 1.66 × 10<sup>−5</sup> (Kianpars). ILCR values were below 1.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, indicating a negligible carcinogenic risk. These findings indicate increased PAH exposure and inflammation in children from Padad, supporting targeted air-quality interventions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Health impacts of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on children in an industrial city assessed through urinary biomarkers and health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Nematollah Jaafarzadeh,
  • Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie,
  • Nastaran Talepour,
  • Alireza Amanollahi,
  • Amir Zahedi,
  • Mehrnoush Abtahi,
  • Raheleh Koojloo,
  • Zahra Nazari,
  • Marzieh Araban

摘要

This study quantified PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in residential areas of Ahvaz, Iran, and assessed their potential health impacts on children. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from three zones: industrial (Padad), traffic (Golestan), and control (Kianpars). Samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs listed as US EPA priority pollutants. To evaluate internal exposure and biological response, urinary biomarkers (1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-naphthol, and creatinine) and pro-inflammatory factors (Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13)) were determined. The Padad area exhibited the highest levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs, dominated by 4-ring (66.1%) and 3-ring (27.74%) compounds. Children residing in Padad had significantly higher urinary PAH metabolites (e.g., 1-OHP: 0.49 ± 0.48 µg/g creatinine; 2-naphthol: 3.22 ± 2.11 µg/g creatinine; p < 0.001) and cytokines (IgE: 134.9 ± 115.7 pg/mL; IL-4: 538.9 ± 456.2 pg/mL; IL-13: 53.6 ± 45.7 pg/mL) than those in Kianpars. Non-carcinogenic (Hazard Quotient, HQ; Hazard Index, HI) and carcinogenic (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk, ILCR) risks of PAHs were assessed. All HQinh and HIinh values were < 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic risk. HQinh decreased in the order of Nap > Pyr > Fla > Phe > BaP > Ant > Flu > Ace > BghiP. Mean HIinh values were 1.09 × 10−4 (Padad), 5.14 × 10−5 (Golestan), and 1.66 × 10−5 (Kianpars). ILCR values were below 1.0 × 10−6, indicating a negligible carcinogenic risk. These findings indicate increased PAH exposure and inflammation in children from Padad, supporting targeted air-quality interventions.

Graphical abstract