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<p>We seek to quantify associations of income with residential health resources and risks among children and adolescents in Germany. Secondarily, we aim to describe how these associations vary by degree of urbanization. We used population representative cross-sectional data on 2,294 children and adolescents aged 3–17 collected between 2014 and 2017 in the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents. We used self-reported information on road traffic at residency, walking time to forest and dwelling size as ordinal dependent variables. We included monthly household net income as independent variable. Covariates were number of household members, caregiver age, and degree of urbanization. For each dependent variable, we ran two survey-weighted proportional odds logistic regression models adjusted for covariates. One model included an interaction term of income and degree of urbanization. An increase of one thousand Euro in household net income was associated with a 15% decrease in the odds of reporting higher road traffic intensity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–0.9), a 6% decrease in the odds of the reporting longer walking time to forest (CI: 0.886–0.997) and a 41% decrease in the odds of reporting a smaller dwelling size (CI: 0.55–0.64). The association between increasing income and smaller dwelling size was weaker in rural compared to urban areas. Residential health resources and risks are associated with household net income among children and adolescents in Germany.</p>

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Associations of income with residential health resources and risks among children and adolescents in Germany

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月5日

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  • Jascha Wiehn,
  • Sarah Tietjen,
  • Florian Beese,
  • Karl Henry Eckert,
  • Marike Kolossa-Gehring,
  • Aline Murawski,
  • Julia Waldhauer,
  • André Conrad

摘要

We seek to quantify associations of income with residential health resources and risks among children and adolescents in Germany. Secondarily, we aim to describe how these associations vary by degree of urbanization. We used population representative cross-sectional data on 2,294 children and adolescents aged 3–17 collected between 2014 and 2017 in the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents. We used self-reported information on road traffic at residency, walking time to forest and dwelling size as ordinal dependent variables. We included monthly household net income as independent variable. Covariates were number of household members, caregiver age, and degree of urbanization. For each dependent variable, we ran two survey-weighted proportional odds logistic regression models adjusted for covariates. One model included an interaction term of income and degree of urbanization. An increase of one thousand Euro in household net income was associated with a 15% decrease in the odds of reporting higher road traffic intensity (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–0.9), a 6% decrease in the odds of the reporting longer walking time to forest (CI: 0.886–0.997) and a 41% decrease in the odds of reporting a smaller dwelling size (CI: 0.55–0.64). The association between increasing income and smaller dwelling size was weaker in rural compared to urban areas. Residential health resources and risks are associated with household net income among children and adolescents in Germany.