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<p>The rapidly growing amount of plastic waste has become one of the most difficult environmental problems that humanity will have to face in the twenty-first century. Nano-engineered catalysts have emerged as a technically promising approach. These offer systematic benefits over bulk catalytic materials because of the higher surface-to-volume ratios, programmable acid–base surface chemistry and morphology-dependent active site exposure. This review critically evaluates the mechanistic basis, material-specific performance and practical limitations of four major nanocatalyst types, namely metal oxide nanoparticles, magnetic nanocatalysts, nano-zeolites and hybrid nanocomposites, in thermo-chemical plastic conversion, focusing on catalytic pyrolysis. Under optimised laboratory settings and clean single polymer feeds, nano-catalytic systems achieve plastic-to-liquid conversion efficiencies of 75–92 wt% with fuel calorific values of 43–46&#xa0;MJ/kg significant gains over uncatalyzed thermal pyrolysis. These statistics, however, are for ideal situations and performance is often 15–25% lower with post-consumer mixed plastic feeds. This review critically discusses deactivation mechanisms such as coking, sintering and chemical poisoning, multi-cycle stability constraints, nanotoxicological risk and economic feasibility at industrial scale features seldom covered in the literature. Life cycle assessment evidence indicates net greenhouse gas savings of 1.2–2.8&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per kilogram of plastic treated, but this range is quite sensitive to system boundary assumptions, grid carbon intensity and catalyst recovery efficiency.</p>

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A comprehensive review of nanocatalysts for sustainable plastic waste valorization in circular economy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • S. Padmanabhan,
  • Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh,
  • T. Vinod Kumar,
  • S. Ganesan,
  • Rex Bacarra,
  • Nadzrie Bin Mohamood

摘要

The rapidly growing amount of plastic waste has become one of the most difficult environmental problems that humanity will have to face in the twenty-first century. Nano-engineered catalysts have emerged as a technically promising approach. These offer systematic benefits over bulk catalytic materials because of the higher surface-to-volume ratios, programmable acid–base surface chemistry and morphology-dependent active site exposure. This review critically evaluates the mechanistic basis, material-specific performance and practical limitations of four major nanocatalyst types, namely metal oxide nanoparticles, magnetic nanocatalysts, nano-zeolites and hybrid nanocomposites, in thermo-chemical plastic conversion, focusing on catalytic pyrolysis. Under optimised laboratory settings and clean single polymer feeds, nano-catalytic systems achieve plastic-to-liquid conversion efficiencies of 75–92 wt% with fuel calorific values of 43–46 MJ/kg significant gains over uncatalyzed thermal pyrolysis. These statistics, however, are for ideal situations and performance is often 15–25% lower with post-consumer mixed plastic feeds. This review critically discusses deactivation mechanisms such as coking, sintering and chemical poisoning, multi-cycle stability constraints, nanotoxicological risk and economic feasibility at industrial scale features seldom covered in the literature. Life cycle assessment evidence indicates net greenhouse gas savings of 1.2–2.8 kg CO2 equivalent per kilogram of plastic treated, but this range is quite sensitive to system boundary assumptions, grid carbon intensity and catalyst recovery efficiency.