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<p>Schools are public places with the potential to transmit disease. School sanitation achievement of Sustainable Development Goal number 3, 4, 5 and 6. This study aimed to develop school sanitation index (SSI). This is a cross-sectional study including 130 sample schools with various levels of school from the five areas Surabaya Indonesia. Water samples were collected from the schools and analyzed for total coliforms and <i>Escherichia coli</i> with membrane filtration method analysis. Observations were conducted to assess sanitation. Analyzed descriptive and cross tabulating data using SPSS 27. SmartPLS 4 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and developing School Sanitation Index (SSI). Result showed that there were five indicators were valid and reliable to develop index including 0.416 × water (microbiological water quality) + 0.563 × Toilet ratio (male-to-female toilet ratio) + 0.685 × solid waste (yard and classroom) + 0.458 × sewage (construction) + 0.721 × handwashing station (infrastructure and facilities), whereas the sub indicators that are not valid and reliable were water quantity, physical water quality and sewage condition. The schools were categorized as poor, sufficient and good based on mean ± 0.5 Standard Deviation. The SSI has been piloted for implementation in Surabaya city. It showed that the junior high school level was categorized as the poorest. This is the first study weighted school sanitation index using confirmatory factor analysis in Indonesia to complement the WinS/ JMP Program. It can assist policy makers in prioritizing improvements in school sanitation and achieving SDG targets.</p>

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Development of a school sanitation index to prevent disease transmission in Surabaya, Indonesia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Anita Dewi Moelyaningrum,
  • Soenarnatalina Melaniani,
  • Soedjajadi Keman,
  • Lilis Sulistyorini,
  • Hari Basuki Notobroto,
  • Indriati Paskarini,
  • Lutfi Agus Salim,
  • Ririh Yudhastuti,
  • Fallah Hashemi

摘要

Schools are public places with the potential to transmit disease. School sanitation achievement of Sustainable Development Goal number 3, 4, 5 and 6. This study aimed to develop school sanitation index (SSI). This is a cross-sectional study including 130 sample schools with various levels of school from the five areas Surabaya Indonesia. Water samples were collected from the schools and analyzed for total coliforms and Escherichia coli with membrane filtration method analysis. Observations were conducted to assess sanitation. Analyzed descriptive and cross tabulating data using SPSS 27. SmartPLS 4 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and developing School Sanitation Index (SSI). Result showed that there were five indicators were valid and reliable to develop index including 0.416 × water (microbiological water quality) + 0.563 × Toilet ratio (male-to-female toilet ratio) + 0.685 × solid waste (yard and classroom) + 0.458 × sewage (construction) + 0.721 × handwashing station (infrastructure and facilities), whereas the sub indicators that are not valid and reliable were water quantity, physical water quality and sewage condition. The schools were categorized as poor, sufficient and good based on mean ± 0.5 Standard Deviation. The SSI has been piloted for implementation in Surabaya city. It showed that the junior high school level was categorized as the poorest. This is the first study weighted school sanitation index using confirmatory factor analysis in Indonesia to complement the WinS/ JMP Program. It can assist policy makers in prioritizing improvements in school sanitation and achieving SDG targets.