<p>Green digital transformation (GDT) has emerged as a strategic approach for manufacturing enterprises to enhance sustainable competitiveness in response to increasing environmental pressures and rapid digitalization. This study examines the impact of green digital transformation on the sustainable competitiveness of Vietnamese manufacturing enterprises, while investigating the mediating role of innovation capability and the moderating role of green management orientation. Data were collected from 230 manufacturing firms in Vietnam through a structured questionnaire survey and analyzed using quantitative methods, including reliability testing, factor analysis, and regression-based mediation and moderation analysis. The findings reveal that green digital transformation has a positive and significant effect on sustainable competitiveness. Innovation capability partially mediates this relationship, while green management orientation strengthens the positive impact of green digital transformation on competitiveness. The results suggest that digital transformation contributes to long-term competitive advantage only when it is aligned with innovation capability and green-oriented managerial practices. This study provides empirical evidence from an emerging economy and offers practical implications for enterprises and policymakers promoting sustainable industrial development.</p>