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<p>Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM<sub>2.5</sub> particles, can be considered a global public health concern affecting human health. This study investigated the interaction between ambient PM2.5 concentration, absorbed heavy metal content, and their inflammatory effects on human A549 lung epithelial cells in Abadan and Mahshahr, Iran. Respirable air PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected at 11 urban locations in Abadan and 7 locations in Mahshahr during different seasons of the year. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using ICP OES. The viability of A549 cells was assessed using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Also, changes in the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-17 genes were determined using Real-time PCR. In this study, the average PM<sub>2.5</sub> during the study period was obtained for Abadan (71&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) and for Mahshahr (66&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>). The average metal concentrations during the study period for Abadan and Mahshahr were 161.6 and 217.81 ng/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Also, the highest average metal concentrations for Abadan and Mahshahr were in the winter season. The results of the cell viability showed a significant dose dependence, with the highest cell survival at 25&#xa0;µg/mL and the lowest cell survival at 200&#xa0;µg/mL. Exposure to PM2.5 significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells. In this study, exposure to PM2.5 particles increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-17 by 2- to 8-fold compared to the control group. The carcinogenic risk assessment for chromium (Cr) was above the safety limits. Also, the highest HQ value was obtained for cadmium metal. Given the long-term exposure of Abadan and Mahshahr citizens to PM<sub>2.5</sub> and chemical compounds bound to these particles, it can be expected that a significant increase in people with autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality will be observed in the coming years.</p>

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Inflammatory response of A549 lung cells to PM2.5 from Abadan and Mahshahr, Iran and human health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月24日

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  • Majid Kermani,
  • Ahmad Jonidi Jafari,
  • Mitra Gholami,
  • Mohammad-Ali Assarehzadegan,
  • Babak Goodarzi,
  • Abbas Shahsavani

摘要

Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5 particles, can be considered a global public health concern affecting human health. This study investigated the interaction between ambient PM2.5 concentration, absorbed heavy metal content, and their inflammatory effects on human A549 lung epithelial cells in Abadan and Mahshahr, Iran. Respirable air PM2.5 samples were collected at 11 urban locations in Abadan and 7 locations in Mahshahr during different seasons of the year. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using ICP OES. The viability of A549 cells was assessed using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Also, changes in the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-17 genes were determined using Real-time PCR. In this study, the average PM2.5 during the study period was obtained for Abadan (71 µg/m3) and for Mahshahr (66 µg/m3). The average metal concentrations during the study period for Abadan and Mahshahr were 161.6 and 217.81 ng/m3, respectively. Also, the highest average metal concentrations for Abadan and Mahshahr were in the winter season. The results of the cell viability showed a significant dose dependence, with the highest cell survival at 25 µg/mL and the lowest cell survival at 200 µg/mL. Exposure to PM2.5 significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in A549 cells. In this study, exposure to PM2.5 particles increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-17 by 2- to 8-fold compared to the control group. The carcinogenic risk assessment for chromium (Cr) was above the safety limits. Also, the highest HQ value was obtained for cadmium metal. Given the long-term exposure of Abadan and Mahshahr citizens to PM2.5 and chemical compounds bound to these particles, it can be expected that a significant increase in people with autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and mortality will be observed in the coming years.