<p>This article examines the long-term dynamics of fisheries exploitation and governance in the Danube Delta and Lower Danube, from the Ottoman period to the present. Using a multidisciplinary approach that combines historical cartography, institutional analysis, and 18 semi-structured interviews, the study reconstructs the spatial organization of fishing activities and the evolution of the institutions that shaped them, with a focus on those Danube Delta territories that have been continuously part of the Romanian state since independence. It highlights the dual role of fisheries, as both economic engines and cultural anchors within delta communities, and traces how regimes of resource control shifted under imperial, interwar, socialist, and post-socialist governance. Drawing on an original georeferenced corpus of historical maps, the analysis uncovers the spatial footprints of exploitation points and fish processing hubs (cherhanale), many of which served as nuclei for local settlement and social life. The study also identifies persistent infrastructural and bureaucratic legacies across political transitions, which continue to shape present-day conflicts around biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. By situating the Romanian Danube Delta within broader debates on institutional change, conservation governance, and the political ecology of river deltas, the article calls for more historically grounded and socially inclusive policy frameworks that balance ecological goals with the realities of local livelihoods.</p>