<p>Understanding crop biocultural trait diversity is crucial for sustaining agricultural resilience and guiding recovery in conflict-affected farming systems. This study examined the dimensions of crop biocultural trait diversity and its contribution to post-conflict seed system resilience in Laelay Mychew district, northern Ethiopia, one of the districts most severely affected by the 2020–2022 Tigray conflict. Data were collected from 378 households through surveys, key informant interviews, and crop diversity inventories across seven staple crops; sorghum, teff, wheat, barley, maize, finger millet and faba bean. Using a 12 biocultural traits framework, the study integrated agronomic, culinary, sociocultural and economic dimensions to assess how farmers value, select, and manage their crops. Results showed that farmers maintained 54 varieties of the seven staples, of which 70.4% were farmers’ varieties, underscoring the persistence of traditional knowledge and cultural attachment to local crops despite wartime disruptions. Sorghum, barley, and finger millet exhibited the highest varietal richness, reflecting the interplay of ecological adaptation and cultural heritage. Adaptive strategies such as crop diversification, informal seed sharing, mutual support, and community-based seed multiplication remained central during and after conflict, reinforcing local seed system resilience. The findings demonstrate that biocultural practices are foundational to agricultural recovery and social cohesion. By bridging agronomy, anthropology, and resilience science, this study highlights the need for post-conflict agricultural policies to move beyond productivity-driven models toward biocultural frameworks that integrate ecological, cultural, and social dimensions. Such approaches can foster inclusive, sustainable, and resilient livelihood restoration in Tigray and similar conflict-affected regions.</p>