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<p>In light of the SDG of zero hunger and food security discourse in South Asian economies, this study investigates the impact of foreign aid, defense spending, and climate change on food security in five major South Asian countries. These five countries are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, were selected based on the availability of consistent and reliable data covering the period from 1980–81 to 2022–23. Using panel econometric techniques, including second-generation unit root tests, Westerlund cointegration, the PMG estimator within the ARDL framework, FMOLS, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests, both short-run and long-run dynamics are assessed. The findings reveal that food security is adversely affected by key economic and environmental factors. Foreign aid shows a positive but limited influence, suggesting low aid effectiveness. Defense spending has a negative impact on food production, diverting resources away from agriculture. Climate change emerges as the most critical threat, substantially reducing food security. Conversely, GDP per capita and fertilizer consumption are positive drivers of food production. FMOLS and diagnostics confirm robustness, while causality tests affirm directions from economic growth, aid, and fertilizer use to food production. Policy suggestions include enhancing aid effectiveness, reallocating defense funds to agriculture, adopting climate-resilient practices, promoting inclusive growth, and encouraging sustainable input use to advance SDG 2.</p>

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Exploring the effects of foreign aid defence expenditure and climate change on food security in South Asia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Showkat A. Bhat,
  • Javid Ahmad Khan,
  • Fozia Altaf,
  • Sayed Gulzar Ganai,
  • Shahnawaz Mantoo,
  • Ab Hamid Mir

摘要

In light of the SDG of zero hunger and food security discourse in South Asian economies, this study investigates the impact of foreign aid, defense spending, and climate change on food security in five major South Asian countries. These five countries are India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, were selected based on the availability of consistent and reliable data covering the period from 1980–81 to 2022–23. Using panel econometric techniques, including second-generation unit root tests, Westerlund cointegration, the PMG estimator within the ARDL framework, FMOLS, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests, both short-run and long-run dynamics are assessed. The findings reveal that food security is adversely affected by key economic and environmental factors. Foreign aid shows a positive but limited influence, suggesting low aid effectiveness. Defense spending has a negative impact on food production, diverting resources away from agriculture. Climate change emerges as the most critical threat, substantially reducing food security. Conversely, GDP per capita and fertilizer consumption are positive drivers of food production. FMOLS and diagnostics confirm robustness, while causality tests affirm directions from economic growth, aid, and fertilizer use to food production. Policy suggestions include enhancing aid effectiveness, reallocating defense funds to agriculture, adopting climate-resilient practices, promoting inclusive growth, and encouraging sustainable input use to advance SDG 2.