<p>This literature review synthesises the evolving definitions and thematic dimensions of environmental inequality (EIq) through a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of publications. The study explores the conceptual interplay between environmental racism, environmental justice, and environmental inequality by tracing the roots of the environmental justice movements and the inclusion of seminal academic discourses on EIq. The review categorises EIq into thematic clusters—health disparities, industrial contamination, urban green space access, and socio-spatial inequalities—highlighting their systemic nature. The review underscores the underrepresentation of developing nations in EIq research, despite their heightened vulnerability due to rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. It calls for more inclusive, context-specific EIq research, policies and multidisciplinary approaches to address these disparities in the developing nations. By integrating the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, the study proposes a framework to examine how environmental burdens undermine the well-being of marginalised communities. The findings advocate for a shift in global research agendas to better reflect the environmental realities of the Global South and promote equitable sustainability transitions.</p>