<p>The enhancement effect of mine ecological rehabilitation was investigated and evaluated according to a case study in Bayan Obo mine, which was planted with <i>Pinus tabulaeformis carr</i> (PC) and <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> (FA) and amended with super absorbent polymer (SAP) compound bio-fertilizer (SAP@bio-fertilizer). After 360 days of plant growth, the optimum amendment of SAP@bio-fertilizer were 30&#xa0;g/plant plus 50&#xa0;g/plant (A2B2), 30&#xa0;g/plant plus 100&#xa0;g/plant (A2B3), using cave fertilization for PC macrophanerophytes, which increased the growth characteristic parameters of height, ground diameter by 1.40 and 1.43 times compared with single bio-fertilizer, 3.08 and 3.04 times than control (CK), respectively. Moreover, the property parameters of soil fertility of available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (OM) increased by 239.61%, 992.91%, 94.31%, and 290.18% compared to CK, respectively. However, the optimum amendment of SAP@bio-fertilizer was 100&#xa0;g/m² plus 150&#xa0;g/m² (A2B2), 100&#xa0;g/m² plus 200&#xa0;g/m² (A2B3) with surface dressing for FA herbaceous, which increased the total biomass by 6.83 and 2.77 times compared with single bio-fertilizer and CK, respectively. The property parameters of soil fertility of AN, AP, AK, and OM increased by 98.57%, 143.75%, 48.34%, and 220.42% compared to CK, respectively. Moreover, the community diversity of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased by 1–2 orders of magnitude for PC and FA. In addition to directly improving the soil nutrient content, the bio-fertilizers could loosen the soil structure through microbial activities, which was conducive to the water retention and water storage function of SAP. SAP could lock the water and the nutrients at the same time. The combination of SAP@bio-fertilizer could better improve the soil biological properties, which provided a feasible solution for the ecological restoration of mines in arid and semi-arid areas.</p>