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<p>In response to increasing water scarcity and the pressing need for cost-effective and sustainable wastewater solutions, particularly in small communities, this study investigates the performance and feasibility of a simple, low-cost decentralized hybrid system combining a septic tank with a trickling filter. The system was designed to treat domestic and municipal wastewater with the goal of promoting safe reuse in water-stressed regions. A pilot-scale septic tank-trickling filter unit was constructed and tested using synthetic wastewater, raw sludge, and real municipal wastewater. Key performance indicators included chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43621_2025_1620_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({BOD}_{5}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43621_2025_1620_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({NH}_{3}-N\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), phosphate (<InlineEquation ID="IEq401"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43621_2025_1620_Article_IEq401.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({PO}_{4}^{2-}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), total suspended solids (TSS), and hydraulic retention time (HRT).Under optimized conditions with synthetic wastewater, the system achieved removal efficiencies of 94% for COD, 83% for <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43621_2025_1620_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({NH}_{3}-N\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and 63% for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="43621_2025_1620_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({PO}_{4}^{3-}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at a 24-hour HRT. When tested with actual municipal wastewater over two weeks, the system showed removal efficiencies of 73.8% for COD, 77% for BOD₅, 78% for TN, 58% for TP, and 95% for TSS. These results confirm that integrating a conventional septic tank with a rock-bed trickling filter provides a reliable and efficient approach to decentralized wastewater treatment. The treated effluent met environmental standards, supporting its potential reuse in irrigation. This study highlights the practicality and scalability of simple treatment technologies as viable solutions for rural and underserved communities facing increasing water stress.</p>

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Feasibility study of the integrated septic tank with trickling filter for the municipal wastewater treatment in small communities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Abbas Abbasnia,
  • Amir Adibzadeh,
  • Ghader Ghanizadeh

摘要

In response to increasing water scarcity and the pressing need for cost-effective and sustainable wastewater solutions, particularly in small communities, this study investigates the performance and feasibility of a simple, low-cost decentralized hybrid system combining a septic tank with a trickling filter. The system was designed to treat domestic and municipal wastewater with the goal of promoting safe reuse in water-stressed regions. A pilot-scale septic tank-trickling filter unit was constructed and tested using synthetic wastewater, raw sludge, and real municipal wastewater. Key performance indicators included chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand ( \({BOD}_{5}\) ), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen ( \({NH}_{3}-N\) ), phosphate ( \({PO}_{4}^{2-}\) ), total suspended solids (TSS), and hydraulic retention time (HRT).Under optimized conditions with synthetic wastewater, the system achieved removal efficiencies of 94% for COD, 83% for \({NH}_{3}-N\) , and 63% for \({PO}_{4}^{3-}\) at a 24-hour HRT. When tested with actual municipal wastewater over two weeks, the system showed removal efficiencies of 73.8% for COD, 77% for BOD₅, 78% for TN, 58% for TP, and 95% for TSS. These results confirm that integrating a conventional septic tank with a rock-bed trickling filter provides a reliable and efficient approach to decentralized wastewater treatment. The treated effluent met environmental standards, supporting its potential reuse in irrigation. This study highlights the practicality and scalability of simple treatment technologies as viable solutions for rural and underserved communities facing increasing water stress.