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<p>The purpose of this study was to assess the potential human health risks associated with the valorization of coal gangue through the production of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB). The research included the characterization of the raw materials. Subsequently, mix designs were developed by replacing sand with coal dust, by weight, at replacement levels of 0%, 50%, and 100%. CEB were produced for each coal gangue combination, and the compressive strength of the CEB was evaluated. Potentially toxic element (PTE) leaching was determined using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and carcinogenic risk indicators were calculated for adults, considering three exposure pathways: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. The results revealed a compressive strength of 2.1&#xa0;MPa, exceeding the minimum requirement established by the Colombian standard, indicating that these CEB are suitable for non-structural wall applications. In addition, a 15.3% reduction in density was observed compared to traditional CEB (without coal dust replacement). The concentration of PTE in the CEB production materials was evaluated, and the amounts released during leaching were quantified, yielding results within the Colombian regulatory limits. Finally, the EPA’s Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) indicated a low probability of environmental risk to human health in adults via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, suggesting that these blocks have a minimal negative impact on health. This alternative promotes circular economy practices by valorizing an industrial byproduct and reducing the consumption of natural aggregates, thereby contributing to more sustainable construction practices without compromising human health and safety.</p>

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Assessment of Human Health Risks in Compressed Earth Blocks with Coal Gangue Replacement: Focus on TCLP and Potentially Toxic Elements

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Paula C. Gil-Ramírez,
  • Julián E. López,
  • Carlos A. Arango-Gutiérrez,
  • Joan Amir Arroyave-Rojas

摘要

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential human health risks associated with the valorization of coal gangue through the production of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB). The research included the characterization of the raw materials. Subsequently, mix designs were developed by replacing sand with coal dust, by weight, at replacement levels of 0%, 50%, and 100%. CEB were produced for each coal gangue combination, and the compressive strength of the CEB was evaluated. Potentially toxic element (PTE) leaching was determined using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and carcinogenic risk indicators were calculated for adults, considering three exposure pathways: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. The results revealed a compressive strength of 2.1 MPa, exceeding the minimum requirement established by the Colombian standard, indicating that these CEB are suitable for non-structural wall applications. In addition, a 15.3% reduction in density was observed compared to traditional CEB (without coal dust replacement). The concentration of PTE in the CEB production materials was evaluated, and the amounts released during leaching were quantified, yielding results within the Colombian regulatory limits. Finally, the EPA’s Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) indicated a low probability of environmental risk to human health in adults via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, suggesting that these blocks have a minimal negative impact on health. This alternative promotes circular economy practices by valorizing an industrial byproduct and reducing the consumption of natural aggregates, thereby contributing to more sustainable construction practices without compromising human health and safety.