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<p>The present study investigates the relationships among carbon dioxide emissions, Gross Domestic Product, and the Human Development Index in Greece. Spearman correlations and Decoupling Analysis were applied from 2008 to 2022, during the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we compare our results with those of the European Union to identify any similar patterns or distinct trends. The Spearman correlation test reveals a statistically significant negative correlation between HDI and CO₂ emissions in Greece and the EU. Decoupling Analysis reveals a prevalence of recessive decoupling during 2008–2015, particularly in the Greek economy. The results of the Decoupling Index, based on the proposed CO₂/HDI ratio, indicate a strong decoupling state in both Greece and the EU throughout the entire period, with a more profound effect in Greece, where the <i>DI</i><sub><i>HDI</i></sub> dropped to − 13.37 during 2015–2022, highlighting the country’s notable progress toward sustainability. Finally, conclusions, limitations, and future research directions are presented.</p>

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Empirical Analysis of CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, and Human Development Index Trends in Greece and the European Union

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Emmanouil Hatzigeorgiou

摘要

The present study investigates the relationships among carbon dioxide emissions, Gross Domestic Product, and the Human Development Index in Greece. Spearman correlations and Decoupling Analysis were applied from 2008 to 2022, during the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we compare our results with those of the European Union to identify any similar patterns or distinct trends. The Spearman correlation test reveals a statistically significant negative correlation between HDI and CO₂ emissions in Greece and the EU. Decoupling Analysis reveals a prevalence of recessive decoupling during 2008–2015, particularly in the Greek economy. The results of the Decoupling Index, based on the proposed CO₂/HDI ratio, indicate a strong decoupling state in both Greece and the EU throughout the entire period, with a more profound effect in Greece, where the DIHDI dropped to − 13.37 during 2015–2022, highlighting the country’s notable progress toward sustainability. Finally, conclusions, limitations, and future research directions are presented.