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<p>The growing environmental pressures and the global shift toward renewable energy have elevated the design of biofuel supply chains to a strategic priority in sustainable energy management. Existing studies, however, often focus on one or two dimensions of sustainability or overlook risk management and supply demand uncertainties during the network design phase. To address these gaps, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for biofuel supply chain design under uncertainty. The model simultaneously optimizes four critical&#xa0;objectives:&#xa0;minimizing total operational costs, reducing carbon emissions, minimizing unmet demand, and mitigating inventory-related risk. The relative weights of the objectives are determined using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and the multi-objective problem is solved using the LP-metric (comprehensive criterion) method.</p><p>Network performance is evaluated under multiple stochastic supply and demand scenarios, and sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the robustness of the solutions. The results indicate that carbon emission reduction can be achieved without significant cost penalties through appropriate network configuration. Moreover, incorporating warehouse risk enhances the balance and resilience of the supply chain against fluctuations in supply and demand.</p><p>The findings highlight that single-objective approaches may produce structurally fragile networks, whereas the proposed framework enables simultaneous assessment of trade-offs among conflicting objectives and supports the identification of compromise solutions along the Pareto frontier. This research thus provides a comprehensive analytical framework for designing sustainable and resilient biofuel supply chains and offers a practical decision support tool for energy planners, managers, and policymakers.</p>

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Multi-Objective Scenario-Driven Optimization of Sustainable Biofuel Supply Chains Under Uncertainty: A Trade-Off Framework for Cost, Emissions, Service Level

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Elham Mohseni,
  • Dariush Mohamadi Zanjirani

摘要

The growing environmental pressures and the global shift toward renewable energy have elevated the design of biofuel supply chains to a strategic priority in sustainable energy management. Existing studies, however, often focus on one or two dimensions of sustainability or overlook risk management and supply demand uncertainties during the network design phase. To address these gaps, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for biofuel supply chain design under uncertainty. The model simultaneously optimizes four critical objectives: minimizing total operational costs, reducing carbon emissions, minimizing unmet demand, and mitigating inventory-related risk. The relative weights of the objectives are determined using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and the multi-objective problem is solved using the LP-metric (comprehensive criterion) method.

Network performance is evaluated under multiple stochastic supply and demand scenarios, and sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the robustness of the solutions. The results indicate that carbon emission reduction can be achieved without significant cost penalties through appropriate network configuration. Moreover, incorporating warehouse risk enhances the balance and resilience of the supply chain against fluctuations in supply and demand.

The findings highlight that single-objective approaches may produce structurally fragile networks, whereas the proposed framework enables simultaneous assessment of trade-offs among conflicting objectives and supports the identification of compromise solutions along the Pareto frontier. This research thus provides a comprehensive analytical framework for designing sustainable and resilient biofuel supply chains and offers a practical decision support tool for energy planners, managers, and policymakers.