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<p>The adoption of circular economy business models (CEBMs) for whey valorization offers a transformative pathway for the dairy sector, yet their implementation in emerging economies remains underexplored. This study evaluates the enablers and barriers to CEBM adoption in Kenya’s dairy industry through an integrated analytical framework, combining hierarchical COSMIC (Competitive, Organizational, Supplier, Market, Industry, Consumer), PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal), SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and Risk-Opportunity Prioritization. Primary survey data from ten processors, which was collected through semi-structured questionnaire and key informants’ interviews, revealed systemic inefficiencies: while 976,055&#xa0;L of whey are generated weekly, 78% is discarded or undervalued (sold at ≤ Ksh 4/liter), despite high organizational willingness (µ = 4.15) and perceived revenue potential (µ = 4.60). Critical adoption barriers included technological gaps (such as absence of advanced filtration systems), financial uncertainties (ROI µ = 3.50), and acute training deficits (µ = 1.60). Externally, PESTEL/SWOT analyses identified market opportunities (such as health trends, µ = 4.00) but underscored weak institutional support (government policy µ = 2.50; loan rates µ = 2.40) and fragmented infrastructure. Environmental regulations (µ = 4.10) outperformed climate change awareness (µ = 3.00) as adoption drivers. Risk-opportunity prioritization revealed a favorable landscape (55% of 44 factors categorized as opportunities), with three high-priority risks: equipment costs, ROI volatility, and demand fluctuations. Case studies demonstrated localized success (for example, whey-based beverages at Ksh 50/liter), though scalability requires systemic interventions. The study proposes a tripartite policy approach: (1) fiscal incentives for green technologies, (2) regional valorization networks to consolidate infrastructure, and (3) consumer education to stimulate demand. These findings advance circular economy theory by contextualizing CEBM adoption in resource-constrained settings, highlighting the interplay of competitive pressures (µ = 3.70) and collaborative imperatives (µ = 4.20). Practical recommendations bridge economic and sustainability objectives, offering a replicable framework for agri-food waste valorization in emerging markets.</p>

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Main Enablers Influencing the Application of Circular Bio-Economy Business Models (CEBM) for Whey Valorization in Kenya’s Dairy Industry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Celestine Mutio,
  • Dickson Okello,
  • Stanley Karanja,
  • Bockline Bebe,
  • Simon Bolwig

摘要

The adoption of circular economy business models (CEBMs) for whey valorization offers a transformative pathway for the dairy sector, yet their implementation in emerging economies remains underexplored. This study evaluates the enablers and barriers to CEBM adoption in Kenya’s dairy industry through an integrated analytical framework, combining hierarchical COSMIC (Competitive, Organizational, Supplier, Market, Industry, Consumer), PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal), SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and Risk-Opportunity Prioritization. Primary survey data from ten processors, which was collected through semi-structured questionnaire and key informants’ interviews, revealed systemic inefficiencies: while 976,055 L of whey are generated weekly, 78% is discarded or undervalued (sold at ≤ Ksh 4/liter), despite high organizational willingness (µ = 4.15) and perceived revenue potential (µ = 4.60). Critical adoption barriers included technological gaps (such as absence of advanced filtration systems), financial uncertainties (ROI µ = 3.50), and acute training deficits (µ = 1.60). Externally, PESTEL/SWOT analyses identified market opportunities (such as health trends, µ = 4.00) but underscored weak institutional support (government policy µ = 2.50; loan rates µ = 2.40) and fragmented infrastructure. Environmental regulations (µ = 4.10) outperformed climate change awareness (µ = 3.00) as adoption drivers. Risk-opportunity prioritization revealed a favorable landscape (55% of 44 factors categorized as opportunities), with three high-priority risks: equipment costs, ROI volatility, and demand fluctuations. Case studies demonstrated localized success (for example, whey-based beverages at Ksh 50/liter), though scalability requires systemic interventions. The study proposes a tripartite policy approach: (1) fiscal incentives for green technologies, (2) regional valorization networks to consolidate infrastructure, and (3) consumer education to stimulate demand. These findings advance circular economy theory by contextualizing CEBM adoption in resource-constrained settings, highlighting the interplay of competitive pressures (µ = 3.70) and collaborative imperatives (µ = 4.20). Practical recommendations bridge economic and sustainability objectives, offering a replicable framework for agri-food waste valorization in emerging markets.