Assessment of Carbon Footprint from Household Solid Waste in Tamil Nadu, India: Pathways for Achieving Low-Carbon Economy

Solid waste generation rates in the low and the middle-income countries reflect their level of socio-economic development, urbanization and industrialization. India is the world's third-largest contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and it emits 2060 MtCO₂e. The present study attempted to examine the carbon footprint from household solid waste generated in Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The data on waste generated by sample households which were collected through household survey from 534 households in Tirupattur and it was converted into a single metric KgCO₂ equivalent by equating with the consumption values obtained. The study estimated the carbon footprint from household solid waste, finding that most households emit less than 10 kg of CO₂ equivalent weekly, with biodegradable waste being the major contributor. To mitigate these emissions, policies should promote composting and anaerobic digestion for biodegradable waste, along with robust recycling programs for non-biodegradable waste particularly plastics. Furthermore, public awareness, education and economic incentives are crucial for encouraging sustainable practices. International collaboration under frameworks like Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) is essential for technology transfer and financial support from developed to developing nations. India’s initiatives, including the “Panchamrit” policy goals and “Lifestyle for Environment” (LIFE) are the strategies that can be adapted globally by tailoring waste management to local conditions, promoting successful technologies, and engaging communities. International collaborations and robust monitoring frameworks will facilitate continuous improvement in waste management and carbon footprint reduction efforts.