The role of female employment in environmental sustainability

The study examines the impact of female employment on environmental sustainability in Türkiye using data from 1991 to 2022. In today’s world, where the determinants of environmental sustainability are frequently discussed, the study also examines the role of male employment, renewable energy, the added value of agriculture, exports, and urbanization, in addition to female employment. According to the findings of the applied Fractional Frequency Fourier Augmented Distributed Autoregressive Model (FFFA-ARDL) bound test, there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. In the long-run, female employment, renewable energy, and export growth will reduce the ecological footprint. In contrast, male employment, the added value of agriculture, and urbanization will increase the ecological footprint. In the short-run, the effect of female employment on the ecological footprint is again negative. Based on this point, all variables in the model are factors that can play important roles in policies to be determined regarding the ecological footprint, i.e., environmental sustainability.