<p>This study endeavors to create a resilient optimization model for an equitable vaccine distribution plan, focusing on prioritizing high-risk groups to prevent pandemic spread and reduce fatalities. The proposed vaccination plan, tailored for vulnerable demographics like the elderly and those with respiratory or cardiac conditions, incorporates factors such as routing costs, location–allocation expenses, and prioritization criteria. Tested in Tehran (District 18), Iran, the model demonstrates applicability in optimizing vaccine distribution while safeguarding citizens’ health. Our findings promise a timely vaccination schedule while minimizing the operational and set-up cost of vaccination centers. Notably, a sensitivity analysis underscores the pivotal role of treatment staff performance and routing in the model’s success, emphasizing its potential in crisis avoidance and fatality reduction. The operating cost of VCs has a great impact on the cost of vaccine distribution. Mostly, the unused capacity in VCs can create exorbitant expenses for the model because the energy costs for keeping the vaccine in large cold storage naturally involve more costs. This research contributes a valuable tool for policymakers and healthcare providers seeking to design effective vaccination plans against pandemics.</p>