<p>The paper focuses on the widening gender disparities in labour force participation rates (LFPR) and unpaid family workers across educational attainment, monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE), and Household size, and examines earnings differences among the self-employed in India. The study uses the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18, 2020-21 and 2022-23 unit-level data set for the age group of 15 to 59 years old. Based on structural transformation and the income-substitution effect theory, the study analyses the results through cross-tabulation. The results indicate that as levels of education, household size, and MPCE increase, the LFPR of females declines. The female share in the primary sector is dominating and increasing, whereas it has declined in the secondary and tertiary sectors. However, their share as unpaid family workers is rising in the primary and tertiary sectors of the economy, indicating gender biased structural changes. With the rise in household size, the share of females in unpaid family work increases, whereas as the levels of education and MPCE rise, their share declines. There is evidence of a substitution effect over the income effect, as well as the fact that the earnings of self-employed females are lower than those of males. However, as education levels increase, earnings rise and unpaid family work declines for females. Additionally, female workers faced an income constraint: at the lowest wealth quantile, they are mostly dependent on household unpaid work, regardless of their education level, but as wealth quantiles rise from the lowest to the richest, their share declines.</p>