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<p>This study examines the structural marginalisation of tribal communities in Jharkhand through their employment patterns, occupational distribution and economic status using unit-level data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey across four rounds from 2017 to 18 to 2023-24. Employing the Borooah employment inequality index, Theil and Gini decomposition, multinomial logistic regression and Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition alongside descriptive analysis, the study provides a comprehensive empirical account of tribal labour market disadvantage. ST workers are disproportionately concentrated in casual labour and agricultural self-employment, with the employment inequality index confirming systematic and persistent exclusion from regular wage employment across all survey rounds. Even among those in formal salaried work, the majority lack written contracts and social security coverage. The multinomial logistic regression establishes that social group identity independently reduces the probability of non-farm self-employment by 10.5% points and increases casual labour probability by 4.2% points among non-agricultural workers, confirming structural exclusion from non-farm economic opportunities beyond what individual characteristics explain. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition shows that the regular wage gap of 0.301 log points between ST and Non-ST workers is driven primarily by endowment differences in graduate education, urban concentration and industry placement rather than direct wage discrimination. These findings confirm the labour market segmentation hypothesis, locating the primary mechanism of ST marginalisation in pre-market inequalities rather than within-market discrimination. The study contributes state-level longitudinal evidence and underscores the need for policies addressing the quality and structural determinants of work for tribal communities.</p>

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Pushed to the margins: employment, occupation and economic status of tribals in Jharkhand

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Kumari Ankita,
  • Manoj Kumar

摘要

This study examines the structural marginalisation of tribal communities in Jharkhand through their employment patterns, occupational distribution and economic status using unit-level data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey across four rounds from 2017 to 18 to 2023-24. Employing the Borooah employment inequality index, Theil and Gini decomposition, multinomial logistic regression and Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition alongside descriptive analysis, the study provides a comprehensive empirical account of tribal labour market disadvantage. ST workers are disproportionately concentrated in casual labour and agricultural self-employment, with the employment inequality index confirming systematic and persistent exclusion from regular wage employment across all survey rounds. Even among those in formal salaried work, the majority lack written contracts and social security coverage. The multinomial logistic regression establishes that social group identity independently reduces the probability of non-farm self-employment by 10.5% points and increases casual labour probability by 4.2% points among non-agricultural workers, confirming structural exclusion from non-farm economic opportunities beyond what individual characteristics explain. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition shows that the regular wage gap of 0.301 log points between ST and Non-ST workers is driven primarily by endowment differences in graduate education, urban concentration and industry placement rather than direct wage discrimination. These findings confirm the labour market segmentation hypothesis, locating the primary mechanism of ST marginalisation in pre-market inequalities rather than within-market discrimination. The study contributes state-level longitudinal evidence and underscores the need for policies addressing the quality and structural determinants of work for tribal communities.