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<p>Decent work ensures fair income, security, rights, and equality for all workers. This research examines the experiences of female domestic workers in India, focusing on the gaps in Decent Work within the sector. It investigates how the intersection of gender, caste, and migration status contributes to vulnerabilities in this informal labour market. The study draws on primary data collected from 100 female domestic workers across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Karnataka, employing Two-Step Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify patterns of vulnerability and assess the impact of various factors on workers’ conditions. The analysis uncovers two distinct clusters: one marked by inconsistent wages, financial instability, and reliance on in-kind compensation, while the other reflects more stable work conditions with regular payments. Key factors contributing to vulnerability include caste, migration status, and employment type, with migrant workers and those from lower-caste backgrounds being more prone to higher levels of vulnerability. By offering a multidimensional perspective, this study enhances the understanding of informal labour markets, highlighting the urgent need for policy reforms to improve working conditions for domestic workers in India.</p>

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Gendered vulnerabilities and decent work deficits in India’s domestic work sector

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Griva Raval,
  • Nausheen Nizami

摘要

Decent work ensures fair income, security, rights, and equality for all workers. This research examines the experiences of female domestic workers in India, focusing on the gaps in Decent Work within the sector. It investigates how the intersection of gender, caste, and migration status contributes to vulnerabilities in this informal labour market. The study draws on primary data collected from 100 female domestic workers across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Karnataka, employing Two-Step Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify patterns of vulnerability and assess the impact of various factors on workers’ conditions. The analysis uncovers two distinct clusters: one marked by inconsistent wages, financial instability, and reliance on in-kind compensation, while the other reflects more stable work conditions with regular payments. Key factors contributing to vulnerability include caste, migration status, and employment type, with migrant workers and those from lower-caste backgrounds being more prone to higher levels of vulnerability. By offering a multidimensional perspective, this study enhances the understanding of informal labour markets, highlighting the urgent need for policy reforms to improve working conditions for domestic workers in India.