<p>Prof. Puran Singh (1881–1931), India’s inaugural forest chemist, significantly advanced the extraction and commercialisation of essential oils at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. He pioneered the cultivation of Palmarosa grass and introduced steam distillation techniques, producing substantial quantities of essential oils, thereby establishing a foundation for India’s essential oils industry. His notable innovations in sandalwood, eucalyptus, and turpentine oils garnered international recognition for their exceptional quality. Puran Singh’s scientific rigour, demonstrated through journal publications and peer praise, exemplifies his ability to translate laboratory research into industrial applications within colonial constraints. Beyond his scientific achievements, he critiqued colonial governance in his research, advocating for autonomy and stronger industry-education links, as expressed in his testimony to the Indian Industrial Commission. This paper explores Puran Singh’s legacy in research and literature, highlighting his challenge to colonial norms and his contributions to the development of indigenous science. His perspectives on institutional autonomy remain relevant to contemporary debates on STEM education and industrial research in India.</p>