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<p>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of ancient Punch-marked coins (PMCs) from the 6th to 3rd centuries BCE using advanced scientific techniques, including SEM–EDX, XRD, XPS, XRF, and EPMA. The research focuses on the metallurgical characterization of these coins to understand their elemental composition, alloying practices, and degradation mechanisms. The results confirm that silver (Ag) is the dominant element, with varying copper (Cu) concentrations and trace elements such as oxygen, chlorine, silicon, and iron, indicating oxidation and environmental interactions. The study highlights the progressive debasement of silver content in later coin series, reflecting economic and political shifts over time. The findings correlate with historical numismatic classifications and economic policies of the Mauryan period, revealing standardized minting practices. By integrating material science with numismatic studies, this research enhances our understanding of ancient monetary systems, technological advancements in metallurgy, and economic strategies in early Indian history.</p>

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Historico-scientific-technology of punch-marked coins

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月1日

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  • Amit Kumar Upadhyay,
  • Hirdyesh Mishra

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of ancient Punch-marked coins (PMCs) from the 6th to 3rd centuries BCE using advanced scientific techniques, including SEM–EDX, XRD, XPS, XRF, and EPMA. The research focuses on the metallurgical characterization of these coins to understand their elemental composition, alloying practices, and degradation mechanisms. The results confirm that silver (Ag) is the dominant element, with varying copper (Cu) concentrations and trace elements such as oxygen, chlorine, silicon, and iron, indicating oxidation and environmental interactions. The study highlights the progressive debasement of silver content in later coin series, reflecting economic and political shifts over time. The findings correlate with historical numismatic classifications and economic policies of the Mauryan period, revealing standardized minting practices. By integrating material science with numismatic studies, this research enhances our understanding of ancient monetary systems, technological advancements in metallurgy, and economic strategies in early Indian history.