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<p>Malachite green (MG), a triphenylmethane dye, is widely used in the dyeing industry. However, despite reports of its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, it continues to be widely used in the Asian market as a food colouring agent for green vegetables. To date, its effects on reproductive tissues have not been explored. This research aimed to explore how MG exposure impacts the testes of adult male golden hamsters (<i>Mesocricetus auratus</i>) and to assess the possible protective effects of melatonin (Mel), which is recognized for its antioxidant properties.MG administration led to a notable decrease in both the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the height of the germinal epithelium, along with a reduced presence of sperm within the lumen compared with the control group. Furthermore, tests of antioxidant enzymes revealed that exposure to MG caused a decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, thereby intensifying oxidative stress in the testis. Mel treatment simultaneously ameliorated oxidative stress, reduced testicular ROS levels, and improved histologically observed testicular damage. Western blot analysis indicated that Mel attenuated MG-induced testicular ROS by upregulating the SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD2 pathway. MG, a known toxicant, increased testicular ROS levels, which were effectively counteracted by Mel treatment. Thus, Mel may neutralize MG-induced testicular damage and could serve as a potential therapeutic agent.</p>

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Melatonin attenuates malachite green-induced testicular toxicity via activation of the SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD2 pathway in golden hamsters, M. auratus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Soumya Ranjan Mohanty,
  • Nitesh Kumar Mishra,
  • Prateek Yadav,
  • Khushi Gusain,
  • Sanjeev Kumar Yadav,
  • Chandana Haldar

摘要

Malachite green (MG), a triphenylmethane dye, is widely used in the dyeing industry. However, despite reports of its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, it continues to be widely used in the Asian market as a food colouring agent for green vegetables. To date, its effects on reproductive tissues have not been explored. This research aimed to explore how MG exposure impacts the testes of adult male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and to assess the possible protective effects of melatonin (Mel), which is recognized for its antioxidant properties.MG administration led to a notable decrease in both the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the height of the germinal epithelium, along with a reduced presence of sperm within the lumen compared with the control group. Furthermore, tests of antioxidant enzymes revealed that exposure to MG caused a decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, thereby intensifying oxidative stress in the testis. Mel treatment simultaneously ameliorated oxidative stress, reduced testicular ROS levels, and improved histologically observed testicular damage. Western blot analysis indicated that Mel attenuated MG-induced testicular ROS by upregulating the SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD2 pathway. MG, a known toxicant, increased testicular ROS levels, which were effectively counteracted by Mel treatment. Thus, Mel may neutralize MG-induced testicular damage and could serve as a potential therapeutic agent.