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<p>The <i>Rauvolfia</i> (Apocynaceae) species are rich in indole alkaloids and are widely used in both traditional and modern medicine. However, increasing demand and limited supply have led to adulteration and substitution with unofficial sources. The work deals with the development of a validated, greener HPTLC method for concurrent quantification of bioactive metabolites in different <i>Rauvolfia</i> species and chemometric studies for identification of authentic <i>R. serpentina</i> among the various collected and commercial samples traded as “<i>Sarpagandha</i>” in Indian herbal drug markets. The concurrent quantification of reserpine, ajmalicine, and serpentine through a validated HPTLC method showed significant interspecific variations and the content varies from 1.80 to 24&#xa0;µg mg⁻¹, 0.66–6.03&#xa0;µg mg⁻¹, and 0.23–0.83&#xa0;µg mg⁻¹, respectively among the 24 evaluated samples. Chemometric analyses (HCA and PCA) distinguish authentic from commercial samples, <i>R. micrantha</i> and <i>R. tetraphylla</i> clustered closer to <i>R. serpentina</i> due to their proximity in reserpine and serpentine content, and may be used as substitutes for the latter. OPLS-DA analysis supported clustering patterns, and VIP scores identified serpentine (Rf 7), Rf 1, and Rf 6 as the key differentiating markers highlights their utility for standardization in the Indian herbal drug industry. The developed, HPTLC method was found to be eco-friendly on GAPI, AGREE, AGREEprep, and BAGI metrics, in line with the principles of green analytical chemistry principle. The integrated HPTLC based chemical fingerprint integrated with chemometric analysis will serve as a resilient model for the identification of official raw drugs with their possible adulterants/substitutes.</p>

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A green HPTLC dependent chemical pattern recognition of different Rauvolfia species integrated with chemometric studies for identification of quality and adulteration in marketed samples traded as “Sarpagandha” in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Adarsh Tiwari,
  • Vairavan Ramesh,
  • Ankita Misra,
  • Mridul Kant Chaudhary,
  • Naimish Purohit,
  • K. M. Prabhukumar,
  • Nagayya Shiddamallayya,
  • Rabinarayan Acharya,
  • Sharad Srivastava

摘要

The Rauvolfia (Apocynaceae) species are rich in indole alkaloids and are widely used in both traditional and modern medicine. However, increasing demand and limited supply have led to adulteration and substitution with unofficial sources. The work deals with the development of a validated, greener HPTLC method for concurrent quantification of bioactive metabolites in different Rauvolfia species and chemometric studies for identification of authentic R. serpentina among the various collected and commercial samples traded as “Sarpagandha” in Indian herbal drug markets. The concurrent quantification of reserpine, ajmalicine, and serpentine through a validated HPTLC method showed significant interspecific variations and the content varies from 1.80 to 24 µg mg⁻¹, 0.66–6.03 µg mg⁻¹, and 0.23–0.83 µg mg⁻¹, respectively among the 24 evaluated samples. Chemometric analyses (HCA and PCA) distinguish authentic from commercial samples, R. micrantha and R. tetraphylla clustered closer to R. serpentina due to their proximity in reserpine and serpentine content, and may be used as substitutes for the latter. OPLS-DA analysis supported clustering patterns, and VIP scores identified serpentine (Rf 7), Rf 1, and Rf 6 as the key differentiating markers highlights their utility for standardization in the Indian herbal drug industry. The developed, HPTLC method was found to be eco-friendly on GAPI, AGREE, AGREEprep, and BAGI metrics, in line with the principles of green analytical chemistry principle. The integrated HPTLC based chemical fingerprint integrated with chemometric analysis will serve as a resilient model for the identification of official raw drugs with their possible adulterants/substitutes.