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<p>Effective sampling design in ecological research is pivotal, particularly for the habitat monitoring research in free-ranging species. A novel weighted, stratified-random procedure based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), through Analytic Hierarchy Process, was employed to finalize the sampling strategy for free-ranging ungulates. Eight different strata were identified (species occurrence, herd size, cropland, grassland, fallow land, slope, cropping intensity, and pesticide application risk) and standardized to assign relative weights. Selected grids, therefore, reflected proportional representation of MCDA-derived priorities, with units allocated stepwise and excluded from subsequent strata once selected. Through pairwise comparison matrix, 27% of the grids was allocated to pesticide application risk, while 21%, 12%, 11%, 07%, 07% and 06% to cropping intensity, species occurrence, herd size, cropland, slope, grassland, and fallow land, respectively. Each grid was assigned scores, and the composite scores across grids ranged from 0.88 to 0.095, with a mean of 0.31 ± 0.22 (SD). This approach was validated through a sensitivity check to visualize the overlap of high scoring (with &gt; 50% of the total score) and randomly stratified weighted grids, to provide sampling of substantially different spatial zones. This resulted in a lower overlap proportion of 30%. In addition, the global Moran’s I analysis provided a statistical measure of spatial autocorrelation with an index of 0.04 and a <i>p</i> = 0.17, indicating randomness in the present sampling approach. As variables influencing both species’ habitat use and potential exposure to contaminants were simultaneously considered, this optimized sampling design ensured representative coverage across key environmental gradients.</p>

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A multi-model optimized sampling design for ecotoxicological research on free-ranging species

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Priyanka Jena,
  • Ashutosh Majhi,
  • Rakesh Paul,
  • B. Anjan Kumar Prusty

摘要

Effective sampling design in ecological research is pivotal, particularly for the habitat monitoring research in free-ranging species. A novel weighted, stratified-random procedure based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), through Analytic Hierarchy Process, was employed to finalize the sampling strategy for free-ranging ungulates. Eight different strata were identified (species occurrence, herd size, cropland, grassland, fallow land, slope, cropping intensity, and pesticide application risk) and standardized to assign relative weights. Selected grids, therefore, reflected proportional representation of MCDA-derived priorities, with units allocated stepwise and excluded from subsequent strata once selected. Through pairwise comparison matrix, 27% of the grids was allocated to pesticide application risk, while 21%, 12%, 11%, 07%, 07% and 06% to cropping intensity, species occurrence, herd size, cropland, slope, grassland, and fallow land, respectively. Each grid was assigned scores, and the composite scores across grids ranged from 0.88 to 0.095, with a mean of 0.31 ± 0.22 (SD). This approach was validated through a sensitivity check to visualize the overlap of high scoring (with > 50% of the total score) and randomly stratified weighted grids, to provide sampling of substantially different spatial zones. This resulted in a lower overlap proportion of 30%. In addition, the global Moran’s I analysis provided a statistical measure of spatial autocorrelation with an index of 0.04 and a p = 0.17, indicating randomness in the present sampling approach. As variables influencing both species’ habitat use and potential exposure to contaminants were simultaneously considered, this optimized sampling design ensured representative coverage across key environmental gradients.