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<p>In recent decades, rising pollution levels, climate variability, and unsustainable groundwater extraction have severely impacted both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources. By leveraging recent advances in geospatial technologies and hydrological modeling, it is possible to monitor key environmental variables such as Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and evapotranspiration (ET) both on space and time. The assessment of LST, NDVI, ET are essential for assessing the climate change effect on natural resources including river basins and hydrology. Present study focussed on use of geospatial technology and cloud-based datasets from 2004 to 2023 to analyse the key climatic variables, including precipitation, LST, ET, and vegetation health, to evaluate groundwater sustainability within the Kiul-Harohar Basin. The assessment of multiple biophysical indicators reveals significant ecological changes. For example, NDVI increased from 0.46 in 2004 to 0.51 in 2023 suggests improved vegetation health. During the same period ET decreased from 545.46 to 502.73&#xa0;mm, while the Depth to water level (DWL) increased from 4.82 to 5.25 mbgl, indicating a decline in groundwater availability. Concurrently, LST rose from 24.75 to 26.27&#xa0;°C and annual precipitation increased from 733.10 to 819.91&#xa0;mm. Correlation analysis highlights complex interrelationships among the variables as NDVI and DWL show a moderate negative correlation (− 0.42). Whereas, LST and DWL display a strong positive correlation (0.63) and ET exhibit a moderate negative correlation (− 0.59) with DWL. On the other hand, precipitation has a strong negative correlation with DWL (− 0.61). These results underline the intricate linkages between climatic factors and groundwater dynamics, emphasizing the need for coordinated action among policymakers, researchers, and local communities to advance sustainable management of groundwater to strengthen resilience against climate change.</p>

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Leveraging Google Earth Engine for groundwater sustainability under changing climatic conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Suman Kumar,
  • Prafull Singh

摘要

In recent decades, rising pollution levels, climate variability, and unsustainable groundwater extraction have severely impacted both the quantity and quality of groundwater resources. By leveraging recent advances in geospatial technologies and hydrological modeling, it is possible to monitor key environmental variables such as Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and evapotranspiration (ET) both on space and time. The assessment of LST, NDVI, ET are essential for assessing the climate change effect on natural resources including river basins and hydrology. Present study focussed on use of geospatial technology and cloud-based datasets from 2004 to 2023 to analyse the key climatic variables, including precipitation, LST, ET, and vegetation health, to evaluate groundwater sustainability within the Kiul-Harohar Basin. The assessment of multiple biophysical indicators reveals significant ecological changes. For example, NDVI increased from 0.46 in 2004 to 0.51 in 2023 suggests improved vegetation health. During the same period ET decreased from 545.46 to 502.73 mm, while the Depth to water level (DWL) increased from 4.82 to 5.25 mbgl, indicating a decline in groundwater availability. Concurrently, LST rose from 24.75 to 26.27 °C and annual precipitation increased from 733.10 to 819.91 mm. Correlation analysis highlights complex interrelationships among the variables as NDVI and DWL show a moderate negative correlation (− 0.42). Whereas, LST and DWL display a strong positive correlation (0.63) and ET exhibit a moderate negative correlation (− 0.59) with DWL. On the other hand, precipitation has a strong negative correlation with DWL (− 0.61). These results underline the intricate linkages between climatic factors and groundwater dynamics, emphasizing the need for coordinated action among policymakers, researchers, and local communities to advance sustainable management of groundwater to strengthen resilience against climate change.