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<p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a persistent global health challenge, remaining prevalent in veterinary and environmental systems even as antibiotic use declines. This persistence highlights a critical gap in current understanding, as most mitigation efforts focus narrowly on antimicrobial misuse while overlooking non-antibiotic drivers of selection. Non-antibiotic drivers including heavy metals, biocides, and environmental stressors sustain resistance through genetic linkage, cross-resistance, and compensatory adaptation. This synthesis examines evidence linking heavy metals, biocides, disinfectants, environmental stressors, and <span>host-associated</span> pressures to the maintenance and dissemination of resistance traits in veterinary pathogens. By integrating molecular, genomic, and ecological perspectives, it elucidates how co-selection, cross-resistance, and stress adaptation enable resistance to persist within complex microbial ecosystems. The conceptual framework reframes AMR as an outcome of complex selection pressures rather than antibiotic exposure alone, emphasizing the need to address the full spectrum of ecological contributors. This integrative understanding provides a foundation for advancing One Health strategies, improving environmental surveillance, and guiding interventions that mitigate resistance through comprehensive, biologically informed stewardship across human, animal, and environmental domains.</p>

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Antimicrobial resistance without antibiotics: mechanisms of selection, co-selection, and persistence in veterinary pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Muhammad Yasir Alhassan

摘要

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a persistent global health challenge, remaining prevalent in veterinary and environmental systems even as antibiotic use declines. This persistence highlights a critical gap in current understanding, as most mitigation efforts focus narrowly on antimicrobial misuse while overlooking non-antibiotic drivers of selection. Non-antibiotic drivers including heavy metals, biocides, and environmental stressors sustain resistance through genetic linkage, cross-resistance, and compensatory adaptation. This synthesis examines evidence linking heavy metals, biocides, disinfectants, environmental stressors, and host-associated pressures to the maintenance and dissemination of resistance traits in veterinary pathogens. By integrating molecular, genomic, and ecological perspectives, it elucidates how co-selection, cross-resistance, and stress adaptation enable resistance to persist within complex microbial ecosystems. The conceptual framework reframes AMR as an outcome of complex selection pressures rather than antibiotic exposure alone, emphasizing the need to address the full spectrum of ecological contributors. This integrative understanding provides a foundation for advancing One Health strategies, improving environmental surveillance, and guiding interventions that mitigate resistance through comprehensive, biologically informed stewardship across human, animal, and environmental domains.