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<p>The fall armyworm <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive invasive pest, particularly damaging to maize crops worldwide. In preliminary laboratory trials, we assessed the toxicity of seven commonly used insecticides at their LC₅₀ concentrations. The F₁ progeny of individuals that survived these treatments were subsequently utilized for development and reproductive physiology experiments conducted under controlled conditions (27 ± 1&#xa0;°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 12:12&#xa0;h light–dark photoperiod). Significant reductions in pupation (31.0–57.20%) and adult emergence (16.48–35.87%) were observed across all treatments (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), with spinetoram causing the greatest decline, while thiodicarb resulted in comparatively higher survival rates. Furthermore, combined insecticidal formulations, particularly chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate + lufenuron, also exhibited high toxicity with marked reductions in pupal and adult emergence. Spinetoram treatment markedly reduced mating success (37.14%), spermatophore number and weight, sperm counts, egg cells, fecundity (72.20 eggs/female), and fertility (34.29%) compared with other insecticides. However, thiodicarb failed to reduced reproductive physiological parameters of <i>S. frugiperda.</i> Moreover, cohort survival analysis revealed a notable decrease in the survival rate of both male and female adults of <i>S. frugiperda</i> with all evaluated insecticides. Collectively, these findings highlight that spinetoram exhibits pronounced toxic and sublethal impacts on <i>S. frugiperda</i>, impairing development, reproduction, and adult survival. The outcomes underscore the potential of spinetoram as an effective component in integrated pest management (IPM) programs targeting <i>S. frugiperda</i>, while also emphasizing the need to monitor its sublethal consequences to mitigate resistance development and non-target risks.</p>

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Comparative toxicity and reproductive effects of individual and insecticidal mixtures on Spodoptera frugiperda

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Fazil Hasan,
  • Khursheed Muzammil,
  • Salman Ahmad,
  • Anoorag Rajnikant Tayde,
  • Ashok Kumar,
  • Kuldeep Sharma,
  • Chander Prakash

摘要

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive invasive pest, particularly damaging to maize crops worldwide. In preliminary laboratory trials, we assessed the toxicity of seven commonly used insecticides at their LC₅₀ concentrations. The F₁ progeny of individuals that survived these treatments were subsequently utilized for development and reproductive physiology experiments conducted under controlled conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 12:12 h light–dark photoperiod). Significant reductions in pupation (31.0–57.20%) and adult emergence (16.48–35.87%) were observed across all treatments (P < 0.05), with spinetoram causing the greatest decline, while thiodicarb resulted in comparatively higher survival rates. Furthermore, combined insecticidal formulations, particularly chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate + lufenuron, also exhibited high toxicity with marked reductions in pupal and adult emergence. Spinetoram treatment markedly reduced mating success (37.14%), spermatophore number and weight, sperm counts, egg cells, fecundity (72.20 eggs/female), and fertility (34.29%) compared with other insecticides. However, thiodicarb failed to reduced reproductive physiological parameters of S. frugiperda. Moreover, cohort survival analysis revealed a notable decrease in the survival rate of both male and female adults of S. frugiperda with all evaluated insecticides. Collectively, these findings highlight that spinetoram exhibits pronounced toxic and sublethal impacts on S. frugiperda, impairing development, reproduction, and adult survival. The outcomes underscore the potential of spinetoram as an effective component in integrated pest management (IPM) programs targeting S. frugiperda, while also emphasizing the need to monitor its sublethal consequences to mitigate resistance development and non-target risks.