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Context <p>India’s fast-growing cities face intensifying water stress, driven by rapid population growth, climate variability, infrastructure losses, and contamination. Smart Water Grids (SWGs), which integrate physical water infrastructure with digital sensing, analytics, and automation are emerging as a promising pathway to resilient, efficient, and equitable urban water management.</p> Methods <p>The present paper on systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature articles published between 2015 and 2025, retrieved from ACM, IEEE, Taylor &amp; Francis, and Sage databases. It assesses how SWGs support purification using Decentralized Treatment for Water Purification and Conservation. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System, membrane bioreactors, advanced oxidation, and conservation in terms of Internet of Things and Cyber Physical System enabled leak detection, smart metering, greywater reuse and smart irrigation, in the Indian context. Following PRISMA-2020 procedures, 1588 records were initially identified. After screening for duplicates and eligibility, 90 studies were included for full analysis.</p> Key findings <p> The Key Findings reveal significant advancements: decentralized treatment of purification systems notably reduced pollutants such as DEWATS lowered Biological Oxygen Demand from 170 to 30 ppm, while conservation technologies reduced non-revenue water by 35–50% and enabled 25–50% water savings through greywater reuse and soil moisture based irrigation. Emerging integrations such as IoT, CPS, AI-ML, for demand and anomaly predictions and control, blockchain for tamper proof metering, and renewable energy for low-carbon operations indicate growing maturity but remain fragmented in deployment. Key barriers include governance fragmentation, financing constraints, lack of data interoperability, cybersecurity risks, and limited municipal capacity. </p> Conclusion &amp; implications <p> The review identifies, how SWGs advance (i) water purification and quality enhancement and (ii) water conservation and resource optimization in India. India specific priorities for scaling SWGs: hybrid decentralized digital architectures, standards for interoperability and cybersecurity, performance-based financing, and community engagement to build public trust in smart metering and reuse. SWGs can transition Indian cities from isolated pilots to city-scale resilience, but success depends on aligning technology deployment with institutional reforms, capacity building, and inclusive governance under national initiatives such as the Jal Jeevan Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, and the Smart Cities Mission.</p>

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Smart water grids in India: a systematic review of purification, conservation, and emerging digital trends

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Shuchi Tiwari,
  • Bhausaheb Ashok Botre,
  • S. Sridhar,
  • Caroliny M. Santos

摘要

Context

India’s fast-growing cities face intensifying water stress, driven by rapid population growth, climate variability, infrastructure losses, and contamination. Smart Water Grids (SWGs), which integrate physical water infrastructure with digital sensing, analytics, and automation are emerging as a promising pathway to resilient, efficient, and equitable urban water management.

Methods

The present paper on systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature articles published between 2015 and 2025, retrieved from ACM, IEEE, Taylor & Francis, and Sage databases. It assesses how SWGs support purification using Decentralized Treatment for Water Purification and Conservation. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System, membrane bioreactors, advanced oxidation, and conservation in terms of Internet of Things and Cyber Physical System enabled leak detection, smart metering, greywater reuse and smart irrigation, in the Indian context. Following PRISMA-2020 procedures, 1588 records were initially identified. After screening for duplicates and eligibility, 90 studies were included for full analysis.

Key findings

The Key Findings reveal significant advancements: decentralized treatment of purification systems notably reduced pollutants such as DEWATS lowered Biological Oxygen Demand from 170 to 30 ppm, while conservation technologies reduced non-revenue water by 35–50% and enabled 25–50% water savings through greywater reuse and soil moisture based irrigation. Emerging integrations such as IoT, CPS, AI-ML, for demand and anomaly predictions and control, blockchain for tamper proof metering, and renewable energy for low-carbon operations indicate growing maturity but remain fragmented in deployment. Key barriers include governance fragmentation, financing constraints, lack of data interoperability, cybersecurity risks, and limited municipal capacity.

Conclusion & implications

The review identifies, how SWGs advance (i) water purification and quality enhancement and (ii) water conservation and resource optimization in India. India specific priorities for scaling SWGs: hybrid decentralized digital architectures, standards for interoperability and cybersecurity, performance-based financing, and community engagement to build public trust in smart metering and reuse. SWGs can transition Indian cities from isolated pilots to city-scale resilience, but success depends on aligning technology deployment with institutional reforms, capacity building, and inclusive governance under national initiatives such as the Jal Jeevan Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, and the Smart Cities Mission.