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<p>Conventional oil/gas is declining steadily, forcing stakeholders to shift their focus towards unconventional hydrocarbons like shale due to high oil and gas demand. The exploitation of shale, which started in 1821, was difficult and costlier, as shale was almost impermeable or poorly permeable (Permeability &lt; 1000 nanno Darcy (nD). Mitchell Energy made production of oil/gas from shale techno-economically viable when dual technologies of Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing were introduced around 2000–2005. This triggered a shale oil/gas revolution followed by a boom, between 2007–2008 and 2012–2013, which has still not tapered off, thanks to the prolific shale deposits of the USA and Canada. Since then, Shale development started in India and other countries, too. Policy guidelines were put in place to address hydrofracturing-related issues, including freshwater scarcity, contamination of drinkable water bodies, and safe disposal of toxic effluents. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to minimize voluminous freshwater use in Hydro-fracturing or complete replacement with waterless fracking, like LPG fracking, and proper treatment of effluents by safe disposal/reuse. This review investigates a range of sustainable options to remove these concerns by aligning shale resource development with respect to environmental protection, along with the proposed implementation of the 6th and 7th SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), chartered by the United Nations by 2030.</p>

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Hydrofracturing of shale and its after-effects on freshwater reservoir and environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Amitava Roy,
  • Anjali Gupta,
  • Dipankar Saha

摘要

Conventional oil/gas is declining steadily, forcing stakeholders to shift their focus towards unconventional hydrocarbons like shale due to high oil and gas demand. The exploitation of shale, which started in 1821, was difficult and costlier, as shale was almost impermeable or poorly permeable (Permeability < 1000 nanno Darcy (nD). Mitchell Energy made production of oil/gas from shale techno-economically viable when dual technologies of Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing were introduced around 2000–2005. This triggered a shale oil/gas revolution followed by a boom, between 2007–2008 and 2012–2013, which has still not tapered off, thanks to the prolific shale deposits of the USA and Canada. Since then, Shale development started in India and other countries, too. Policy guidelines were put in place to address hydrofracturing-related issues, including freshwater scarcity, contamination of drinkable water bodies, and safe disposal of toxic effluents. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to minimize voluminous freshwater use in Hydro-fracturing or complete replacement with waterless fracking, like LPG fracking, and proper treatment of effluents by safe disposal/reuse. This review investigates a range of sustainable options to remove these concerns by aligning shale resource development with respect to environmental protection, along with the proposed implementation of the 6th and 7th SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), chartered by the United Nations by 2030.